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What does it take to get a spacecraft from Earth all the way to Mars? There are a few key things to consider, as explained in this 60-second video from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Compilation of b-roll for media. Collecting samples from Mars and bringing them back to Earth will be a historic undertaking that starts with the launch of NASA’s Perseverance rover, part of the Mars 2020 mission. Perseverance will collect samples and leave them on Mars for a future mission to retrieve and return to Earth. NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) are solidifying concepts for this Mars sample return campaign. The current concept includes a lander, a fetch rover, an ascent vehicle to launch the sample container to Martian orbit, and a retrieval spacecraft with a payload for capturing and containing the samples and then sending them back to Earth.

Animations for media and public use. NASA's Mars Helicopter Ingenuity will be the first aircraft to fly in a controlled way on another planet. As its own separate mission, the helicopter will hitch a ride to Mars attached to the belly of NASA’s Perseverance rover (part of the Mars 2020 mission). This animation reel simulates how Ingenuity will operate on the surface of Mars. The Ingenuity helicopter is considered a high-risk, high-reward technology demonstration. If the small craft encounters difficulties, the science-gathering of the Mars 2020 mission won't be impacted. If the helicopter does take flight as designed, future Mars missions could enlist second-generation helicopters to add an aerial dimension to their explorations. The Perseverance rover, with the Ingenuity helicopter aboard, will launch in July or August 2020 and land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021.

Animations for media and public use. This reel depicts key events during entry, descent, and landing that will occur when NASA’s Perseverance rover lands on Mars February 18, 2021. In the span of about seven minutes, the spacecraft slows down from about 12,100 mph (19,500 kph) at the top of the Martian atmosphere to about 2 mph (3 kph) at touchdown in an area called Jezero Crater. Perseverance will seek signs of ancient microbial life on Mars, collect and cache Martian rock and regolith (broken rock and dust), characterize the planet's geology and climate, and pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet. For more animations and video of the NASA’s Mars 2020 Perseverance rover go to

After nearly 300 million miles (470 million km), NASA’s Perseverance rover completes its journey to Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. But, to reach the surface of the Red Planet, it has to survive the harrowing final phase known as Entry, Descent, and Landing.

This animation shows a computer simulation of NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover taking its first selfie. The point of view of the rover’s WATSON (Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering) camera is included to show how each of the 62 images were taken, which were later sent to Earth and stitched together into the selfie. The selfie was taken on April 6, 2021. A key objective for Perseverance’s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life. The rover will characterize the planet’s geology and past climate, pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith (broken rock and dust). Subsequent NASA missions, in cooperation with ESA (European Space Agency), would send spacecraft to Mars to collect these sealed samples from the surface and return them to Earth for in-depth analysis. The Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is part of NASA’s Moon to Mars exploration approach, which includes Artemis missions to the Moon that will help prepare for human exploration of the Red Planet. JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built and manages operations of the Perseverance rover. WATSON was built by Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) in San Diego, and is operated jointly by MSSS and JPL. Credits NASA/JPL-Caltech

NASA ScienceMars Exploration ProgramSkip Navigation VIDEOS Video From 'Explore with Perseverance' Experience September 16, 2021 This video clip of the interactive 3D experience, “Explore with Perseverance,” shows how users can follow the activities of the Mars rover at Jezero Crater. The web tool features a 3D model of the rover on a 3D landscape created from real images taken by Perseverance. A key objective for Perseverance’s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life. The rover will characterize the planet's geology and past climate, pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith. The Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is part of NASA's Moon to Mars exploration approach, which includes Artemis missions to the Moon that will help prepare for human exploration of the Red Planet. Subsequent missions by NASA in cooperation with ESA (European Space Agency) would send spacecraft to Mars to collect these cached samples from the surface and return them to Earth for in-depth analysis. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California built and manages operations of the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover for NASA. For more information about the mission, go to: https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020 Credits NASA/JPL-Caltech

NASA and the European Space Agency are developing plans for one of the most ambitious campaigns ever attempted in space: bringing the first samples of Mars material safely back to Earth for detailed study. The diverse set of scientifically curated samples now being collected by NASA’s Mars Perseverance rover could help scientists answer the question of whether ancient life ever arose on the Red Planet. Bringing samples of Mars to Earth for future study would happen in several steps with multiple spacecraft, and in some ways, in a synchronized manner. This short animation features key moments of the Mars Sample Return campaign: from landing on Mars and securing the sample tubes to launching them off the surface and ferrying them back to Earth. Animation is contributed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the European Space Agency, Goddard Space Flight Center, and Marshall Space Flight Center. Learn more: https://mars.nasa.gov/msr. Credit: NASA/ESA/JPL-Caltech/GSFC/MSFC TRANSCRIPT [music] [spacecraft whoosh] [robotic whirring] [rover head whirring] [propulsion engines in distance] [propulsion roar] [loud impact] [rover wheels driving] [robotic whirring] [click shut] [metallic click shut] [metallic click shut] [music swells] [music swells] [mechanical firing] [rocket firing] [rocket roar in distance] [rocket roar up close] [propulsion firing] [mechanical release] [music] [lasers fire on] [mechanical seal] [robotic whirring and clicks] [spacecraft whoosh] [mechanical release] [spacecraft whoosh] Mars Sample Return NASA and ESA logos

This animated artist’s concept depicts a scene of water breaking through the rim of Mars’ Jezero Crater, which NASA’s Perseverance rover is now exploring. Water entered the crater billions of years ago, depositing sediments that built up into a delta. Since the spacecraft’s landing in February 2021, Perseverance’s exploration of the crater floor and the delta have led to scientists developing a detailed timeline for the crater’s formation. They now know there were three major periods after water began flooding through the crater rim. First, those waters brought fine-grained sand and mud (seen by Perseverance at “Hogwallow Flats”) that is known for preserving fossilized life in comparable environments on Earth. Second, the crater’s lake grew as wide as 22 miles (35 kilometers) in diameter and as deep as 100 feet (30 meters) – deep enough to lay down several sedimentary layers (like those seen at “Pinestand”). Finally, high-energy rivers brought in boulders that were rounded as they tumbled through water, as seen at “Castell Henllys.” A key objective for Perseverance’s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life. The rover will characterize the planet’s geology and past climate, pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith (broken rock and dust). Subsequent NASA missions, in cooperation with ESA (European Space Agency), would send spacecraft to Mars to collect these sealed samples from the surface and return them to Earth for in-depth analysis. The Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is part of NASA’s Moon to Mars exploration approach, which includes Artemis missions to the Moon that will help prepare for human exploration of the Red Planet. JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built and manages operations of the Perseverance rover. For more about Perseverance: mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/ Credits NASA/JPL-Caltech

The Imagine Mars Project gives students a chance to work with scientists and engineers to build and design a future human community on Mars.

NASA NASA ScienceMars Exploration ProgramSkip Navigation VIDEOS Launching Curiosity to Mars January 26, 2012 Mission team members share their excitement and reflections on the launch of the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. TRANSCRIPT (music) Peter Illsley: There was this really amazing moment at the end here. We were looking over the rover one last time and making sure that what we were seeing was good for flight. It's that final moment you spend with the vehicle. That last sanity check. Does everything look right? Is anything out of place? Is it really ready to fly? Because we're about to send our baby on a long journey to go spend its life exploring the surface of Mars. That's uh... that's a big leap of faith to be able to hand off the vehicle. They have a great team on the launch vehicle side and they're ready to take care of her. But we are... we are definitely nervous parents. (music) Art Thompson: It's a very happy and sad day when you launch her. It's very much, I equated to say, having your daughter get married. We bascially brought her into existance and powered her up and spoke to her and our team understands how she reacts. Her emotions, her Idiosyncrasy she's been ours along and now I'm going to hand her off to the next team. And they will get to run her, they've always been on deck waiting for us to get out of the way. As launch approaches, of course, the pressure does wrenched it up and you start to worry. Did we think of everything that could possibly go wrong, do we have all our procedures ready. There are a lot of what ifs and you question yourself and your team. Are you ready to handle this. But ultimately you know that you have been trained to do this, and you are ready to do this And you gotta great team around you. And you gotta a great space craft ready to go. And you ask if I'm nervous, the answer is absolutely I'm nervous Ah I'm I confident that she's gonna go and she's gonna be successful absolutely. It's gonna go and she'll be good. Dellen Stommen: The other day we closed the two hatches up on the Atlas and I was able to touch that. I was able to touch the rover when I disconnected the purge from the RAD system. And that was kind of an emotional thing you know I almost turned and walked away from it, and QA was all like 'Dellen, Dellen wait a minute. This is the last time you gonna be able touch this thing'. And I'm like it really is true and here I'm stroking it like a little puppy. And I had to walk away from it, and to realize that it's almost done. And then it's ready to go you are almost kind disappointed that it's over with But you're ready to move on to something else. And I'm ready to crack that champagne open when that thing lights and goes. And we gotta wait till August of next year to see it do its business. And that's what it's all about, say that's a great feeling. (music) Joel Krajewski: There is this golden couple of weeks that happends just before launch. Which is that um.. we are really kind of done testing and we're done capusalating the vehicle. It's not part of the launch vehicle providers job to get it integrated and mount it on top of the rocket. And as far as the spacecraft goes it's king of quiescent. When you see what a rocket really does in practice, it's an amazing thing when it works. Charlie Bolden: Uh..the Launch Team is really excited so this is very difficult this morning Launching something from the planet is really hard. Now you all we make it look easy it's not. (music) Rocketry is still a less than perfect business, failures do happen. You kind of have to make your peace with the notion, it's like a suspension of disbelief. Meaning that in order to get through it you have to believe that rocket launches can only go perfectly. The good news is almost always they really do, and it's really a thrill when it's over Audience: '6! 5! 4! 3! 2! 1!' (applauding) NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

For 40 years, NASA has expanded our view of the universe with space telescopes that detect infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye. Observing the infrared realm helps us study the origins of planets, stars, galaxies, and even the universe itself.

After 1,000 Martian days of exploration, NASA’s Perseverance rover is studying rocks that show several eras in the history of a river delta billions of years old. Scientists are investigating this region of Mars, known as Jezero Crater, to see if they can find evidence of ancient life recorded in the rocks. Perseverance project scientist Ken Farley provides a guided tour of a richly detailed panorama of the rover’s location in November 2023, taken by the Mastcam-Z instrument. Composed of 993 individual images and 2.38 billion pixels, this 360-degree mosaic looks in all directions from a location the rover science team calls “Airey Hill.” Portions of the rover itself are visible in the scene, appearing more distorted toward the edges as a result of the image processing. A color enhancement applied to the image increases contrast and accentuates color differences. By approximating what the scene would look like under Earth-like lighting conditions, the adjustment allows mission scientists to use their everyday experience to interpret the landscape. The view on Mars would be darker and more reddish. Keywords: NASA , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , JPL , Mars 2020 , Mars , Rover , Perseverance , River , Lake , Delta , Jezero Crater , Samples , Rock Samples , Mars Sample Return , Red Planet , Robot , Robotic Exploration , Ken Farley , Airey Hill , panorama , Martian landscape , Mars guided tour Visit JPL Website

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For 40 years, NASA has expanded our view of the universe with space telescopes that detect infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye. Observing the infrared realm helps us study the origins of planets, stars, galaxies, and even the universe itself. NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is the agency’s latest infrared space telescope, adding new insights to targets first discovered and studied by infrared missions that came before it. Infrared space telescope missions have built upon one another to reveal stars, galaxies, and all manner of cosmic objects with ever-increasing clarity. Here you will see images from the pioneering Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), launched in 1983, the Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003, and the James Webb Space Telescope, which launched in 2021 and is sending back extremely detailed images today. NASA , JPL , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , Spitzer Space Telescope , IRAS , Infrared , Astronomical Satellite , James Webb , Caltech , Universe , Exoplanets , astrophysics , space science , news , science , astronomy , stars , galaxies , IR , invisible , Carina nebula , southern ring nebula , ring nebula , rho ophiuchi , eagle nebula , M81 galaxy , zeta ophiuchi , NGC 1097 , pleiades , WR 124 , innovation , pillars of creation Visit JPL Website

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