World Of Weapons

Bora JNG-90 rotary bolt action sniper rifle Bora JNG-90 sniper rifle was developed by Turkish state with the collaboration of Turkish Gendarmerie and Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation (MKEK). Its development was started in 2004, and apparently it is fielded by Turkish army and is offered for export. Manufacturer claims that this rifle outperforms most Western rivals in terms of accuracy, shooting 0.3 MOA groups at 100 meters range, according to MKEK tests. Bora JNG-90 sniper rifle is a manually operated weapon with rotary bolt action and detachable box magazine. It is mounted onto aluminum chassis, with polymer pistol grip and fully adjustable butt. Barrel is free-floated and equipped with massive muzzle brake. Top of receiver is provided with integral Picatinny rail for quick installation and replacement of various telescope sights and night vision equipment. Additional accessory rails are provided on the forend.

PPZR Piorun Grom-M man-portable air-defense system 1.Overview 00:00 2.Launcher Unit 00:27 3.Missile 02:23 Overview: The Piorun (Polish: "thunderbolt") is a Polish man-portable air-defense system, designed to destroy low-flying aircraft, airplanes, helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles. The set is a deep modernization of the PPZR Grom set, with an alternative designation of Grom-M. Launcher Unit: The Piorun MANPADS is designed to be operated by one soldier. It consists of a single-stage projectile, a single-use tubular launcher, a gripstock, and an on-ground power supply. The launch tube is used to house the Piorun missile and protect it from environmental factors. It is made of lightweight materials, such as fiberglass or composite materials, to minimize weight and enhance portability. The launch tube is also equipped with a carrying handle and sling attachment points for transportation. The gripstock is the control and aiming device that is attached to the launch tube. It features an ergonomic handle with various controls, such as trigger, safety, and arming switches. The operator holds the gripstock and aims the missile at the target. The sight is an optical or electronic device used to aim the missile at the target. It can be either a passive infrared (IR) seeker that detects the target's heat signature or an optical sight with magnification capabilities for daylight operation. Some advanced sights may also incorporate night vision or thermal imaging capabilities for low-light or night-time engagements. The battery unit provides electrical power to the missile system, including the seeker and ignition system. It is typically a compact, removable battery pack that is inserted into the gripstock or connected externally to the system. The Piorun system including the launch unit and the missile has a total weight of 16.5 kg, the same as for the GROM. One of the main features of the new Piorun, there is a mini keyboard on the right side of the trigger module which can be used to select types of targets, environments, and work modes. There is also a day/night optical sight mounted on the tube launcher. Missile: The Piorun missile itself, housed within the launch tube, is a lightweight, solid-fueled, surface-to-air missile with an infrared seeker for guidance is designed to be more resistant to modern countermeasures, such as flares or infrared jammers, than its predecessor, the Grom MANPADS. It is designed to intercept and destroy low-flying aircraft, helicopters, and UAVs. The Piorun MANPADS uses a new short-range missile including a new warhead that can hit a flying target at a distance from 400 m to 6 km and from an altitude of 10 m minimum to 4 km maximum. The missile has a weight of 2 kg. A proximity fuse is used to allow more effective destruction of small-size aerial targets, such as UAVs. The missile of the Piorun has a hitting probability of 10% when jammed.

Alfa Steel and Holek model revolvers are manufactured in the Czech republic by the Alfa Proj company. The major differences between Steel and Holek models are the frame material and chamberings – Steel models feature more robust, yet heavier steel frames, while Holek models feature lightweight aluminum alloy frames. Other than that, both model lines are mechanically similar, and both are offered in a similar variety of barrel lengths, ranging from 2 to 6 inches (51 to 152 millimeters). The Steel model though is capable of chambering the more powerful .357 Magnum round. Alfa Proj revolvers are intended for security, personal defense and sport. These revolvers combine affordable price with traditional Czech quality and attention to detail. Alfa revolvers are traditional double / single action guns with exposed hammers and frame-mounted firing pins. The 6-shot cylinder swings out to the left for ejection and reloading. The cylinder latch is located at the rear of the frame. Depending on the model, Alfa revolvers can be produced with fixed or adjustable rear sights.

1.Introduction 00:00 2.Description 02:04 Walther PP pistols were among the most important developments of the inter-war period. Produced between 1929 and 1945 in significant numbers, these pistols, among with the basically similar but smaller PPK, were widely used as police and military guns in Hitler’s Germany. After the war, production of the PP and PPK pistols was resumed in France by Manurhin under German license. Later on, production was returned to the re-established Walther factory in the city of Ulm ab Donau (pre-war Walther factory was located in the city of Zella-Mehlis), and these pistols have seen widespread use by civilians and police, as well as for personal defense by many non-infantry officers in several European armies. Very close copies of the Walther PP were manufactured after the war by East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Turkey and USA. At the present time, Walther PP, PPK/S and PPK pistols are manufactured in the USA by the Smith & Wesson Company under license from Walther. Walther PPK pistols are essentially similar to the larger PP pistols, except for the different design of the grip frame – while on PP pistols the grip backstrap is integral to the frame and grip panels are two separate items (left and right), on PPK pistols grip frame has a rectangular shape of a magazine channel and the backstrap is formed by the single-piece U-shaped grip unit, also usually made of plastic. While most PPK pistols were made with steel frames, in the post-war period Walther also produced some aluminum-framed PPK/L (Lightweight) pistols. Description: The Walther PP is blowback-operated pistol with a fixed barrel, usually of all-steel construction. A few aluminum-framed PP pistols were built in Germany before the war, and stainless steel versions are manufactured in the USA under Walther’s license since the mid-1980s. The trigger is double-action, with an exposed hammer and a frame-mounted manual safety/decocker; the lockwork is somewhat complicated in a typical German manner and has many small parts and pins. Sights are fixed, with the rear sight blade dovetailed into the slide. Magazines are single-stack; the magazine release button is usually located at the left side of the frame, just below the slide and in front of the grip panel. However, at least some PP pistols were made both before and after the war with so called “European-style” magazine release, located at the heel of the grip. Walther PP and PPK pistols are fitted with a loaded chamber indicator, made in the form of a small pin that protrudes from the rear of the slide (above the hammer) when a cartridge is in the chamber. This indicator is not present on .22LR models.

CZ 247 9x19 Luger submachine gun 1.Introduction 00:00 2.Description 01:04 Shortly after WW2 Czechoslovak Ministry of Defense (MNO) issued requirements for a new submachine gun, firing 9×19 Luger / Parabellum ammunition. CZ factory in Strakonice (Ceska Zbrojovka Strakonice) developed a variant of the pre-war Vz.38 submachine gun, chambered for 9×19 Luger ammunition, with minor alterations. Designated at the factory as CZ 47/1 and CZ 47/2, it was submitted to Czechoslovak army tests but eventually rejected. Despite of that, it was briefly manufactured during late 1940s as CZ 247 and sold in noticeable quantities to certain African and South American countries. A prototype variant, firing 7,62×25 TT ammunition, was produced as CZ 347 but it was never made in numbers. The CZ 247 submachine gun is a simple blowback operated weapon, firing from an open bolt, in full automatic or semi-automatic mode. Mode of fire is selected by trigger pull, short and light trigger pull produces single shots, while a full-length trigger pull results in full automatic fire. CZ 247 submachine gun is fitted with slim and relatively short wooden stock with a semi-pistol grip. Feed is from double stack detachable box magazines. One peculiar feature of the CZ 247 is that magazine housing is able to rotate and put magazine either below the gun or to the left of the gun, and CZ 247 submachine gun could be fired when magazine is in either position. This feature apparently was added to provide better cover when firing from prone position (with magazine located horizontally to the left), and more comfortable carry and firing from standing or kneeling positions (with magazine turned down). Another unusual feature is a magazine loading tool, built into the right side of the shoulder stock. This tool consists of a charging clip guide, attached to the stock. A full charger clip with 8 rounds is inserted into the guide, empty magazine located at the end of the guide, and then pushed forward, over the cartridges, loading magazine and ejecting empty clip. Five clips are required to completely refill one magazine.

1.Introduction 00:00 2.Development 01:36 3.Design 03:30 Introduction: The Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk is a four-blade, twin-engine, medium-lift utility military helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft. Sikorsky submitted the S-70 design for the United States Army's Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS) competition in 1972. The Army designated the prototype as the YUH-60A and selected the Black Hawk as the winner of the program in 1976, after a fly-off competition with the Boeing Vertol YUH-61. Named after the Native American war leader Black Hawk, the UH-60A entered service with the U.S. Army in 1979, to replace the Bell UH-1 Iroquois as the Army's tactical transport helicopter. This was followed by the fielding of electronic warfare and special operations variants of the Black Hawk. Improved UH-60L and UH-60M utility variants have also been developed. Modified versions have also been developed for the U.S. Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. In addition to U.S. Army use, the UH-60 family has been exported to several nations. Black Hawks have served in combat during conflicts in Grenada, Panama, Iraq, Somalia, Ukraine, the Balkans, Afghanistan, and other areas in the Middle East. Development: In the late 1960s, the United States Army began forming requirements for a helicopter to replace the UH-1 Iroquois, and designated the program as the Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (U T T A S). The Army also initiated the development of a new, common turbine engine for its helicopters that would become the General Electric T700. Based on experience in Vietnam, the Army required significant performance, survivability and reliability improvements from both UTTAS and the new powerplant. The Army released its UTTAS request for proposals (RFP) in January 1972. The RFP also included air transport requirements. Transport within the C-130 limited the UTTAS cabin height and length. The UTTAS requirements for improved reliability, survivability and lower life-cycle costs resulted in features such as dual-engines with improved hot and high altitude performance, and a modular design (reduced maintenance footprint); run-dry gearboxes; ballistically tolerant, redundant subsystems (hydraulic, electrical and flight controls); crashworthy crew (armored) and troop seats; dual-stage oleo main landing gear; ballistically tolerant, crashworthy main structure; quieter, more robust main and tail rotor systems; and a ballistically tolerant, crashworthy fuel system. The Army selected the UH-60 for production in December 1976. Deliveries of the UH-60A to the Army began in October 1978 and the helicopter entered service in June 1979. Design: The UH-60 features four-blade main and tail rotors, and is powered by two General Electric T700 turboshaft engines. The main rotor is fully articulated and has elastomeric bearings in the rotor head. The tail rotor is canted and features a rigid crossbeam. The helicopter can carry 11 troops with equipment, lift 2,600 pounds (1,200 kg) of cargo internally or 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg) of cargo (for UH-60L/M) externally by sling. The Black Hawk helicopter series can perform a wide array of missions, including the tactical transport of troops, electronic warfare, and aeromedical evacuation. In air assault operations, it can move a squad of 11 combat troops or reposition a 105 mm M119 howitzer with 30 rounds ammunition and a four-man crew in a single lift. The Black Hawk is equipped with advanced avionics and electronics for increased survivability and capability, such as the Global Positioning System. The UH-60 can be equipped with stub wings at the top of the fuselage to carry fuel tanks or various armaments. The unit cost of the H-60 models varies due to differences in specifications, equipment and quantities. For example, the unit cost of the Army's UH-60L Black Hawk is $5.9 million while the unit cost of the Air Force HH-60G Pave Hawk is $10.2 million.

Heckler-Koch HK 512 semi-automatic shotgun Heckler-Koch HK 512 semi-automatic shotgun was produced during 1970s and 1980s by famous German company Heckler und Koch primary for German military and police use. HK 512 shotguns saw extensive use by special anti-terrorism units such as GSG-9 or KSK, and few were also exported to USA and sold commercially during 1990s. Since Heckler & Koch company had no previous experience in shotgun development, for manufacture of HK 512 shotgun it teamed with another famous gun maker, Italian company Luigi Franchi Spa, which has quite a lot of experience in shotgun manufacture. Apparently, Franchi supplied parts and assemblies to Germany, where H&K factory finished them to German standards, assembled complete guns and proof-fired them. Heckler-Koch HK 512 shotgun is a gas operated weapon, using annular gas piston, located around the magazine tube. Barrel locking is achieved by a tilting piece, located inside the bolt, which engages the barrel extension. Ammunition is fed from tubular magazine, located below the barrel, and gun was designed to fire all standard 12 gauge shells with hulls up to 70mm (2 ¾”) long. Manual safety was made in the form of a cross-bolt button, located behind the trigger. Stock and forend were made from wood. Fixed rifle-type sights were mounted on the barrel. An unusual feature of the HK 512 shotgun was special shot diverter, mounted on the barrel of the gun. It was a sort of muzzle device, intended to create oval, rather than round shot patterns. Depending on the tactical situation on hand, this shot diverter could be set (rotated) for horizontal or vertical dispersion. It also allows use of most types of standard 12 gauge slugs.

K6-92 / Borz submachine gun The K6-92 submachine gun was developed during early 1990s in the republic of Armenia, which gained its independence in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union. At the time Armenia was engaged in the local conflict with Azerbaijan (another ex-USSR republic), and was in desperate need for small arms. The submachine gun is one of the simplest automatic arms to design and manufacture, so Armenian engineers quickly developed a straightforward weapon, which can be easily manufactured by almost any mechanical workshop. Later on, more than few K6-92 submachine guns made its way through the borders into the Chechen republic, the most turbulent part of the Russia. During mid-1990s Chechnya was heavily infested with separatists, Islamic extremists and other kinds of bandits, which found submachine guns to be convenient weapons for urban fighting. Separatist Chechen government attempted to produce a "local" copy of the K6-92 at one of machine-building factories in the city of Groznyj, but very few were made there due to production problems and quality issues. Chechen-made copies of the K6-92 submachine gun are usually referred to as "Borz" (which means "wolf" in Chechen language). It also must be noted, however, that underground workshops, run by separatist forces, also made some "generic" crudely made submachine guns, generally known under the same name (Borz). These "homemade" submachine guns can be distinguished by tubular receiver and extremely poor fit and finish. Overall, the K6-92 submachine guns are reported as crude arms, suitable mostly for close combat. Over last two decades, plenty of these submachine guns turned up in Russia and other former USSR states during various crimes of violence and illegal arms trafficking. The K6-92 submachine gun is a simple blowback operated weapon that fires from open bolt. Receiver is made from steel stampings, welded together. Cocking handle is located at the top, safety / fire mode selector is located at the left side of the gun, above the trigger guard. Gun can be fired in single shots or in full automatic. It is fitted with plastic pistol grip and a top-folding metallic buttstock.

2S3 Akatsiya 152.4 mm self-propelled gun 1.Introducction 00:00 2.Description 00:48 3.Armament 02:14 4.Maneuverability 04:08 5.Series production 05:04 The SO-152 (Russian: СО-152), usually known by its GRAU designation 2S3 (Russian: 2С3), is a Soviet 152.4 mm self-propelled gun developed in 1968, as a response to the American 155 mm M109 howitzer. Development began in 1967, according to the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union from July 4, 1967. In 1968, the SO-152 was completed and in 1971 entered service. The fighting vehicle also received the added designation Akatsiya (Акация), which is Russian for Acacia. Description: The 2S3 Akatsiya is armed with a 152.4 mm howitzer based on the Soviet 152.4 mm D-20 howitzer. The artillery system was developed at the design bureau No. 9 of Sverdlovsk. The factory designation of the howitzer is D-22 and the GRAU designation, 2A33. The chassis was developed by Uraltransmash. The driver's and engine-transmission compartments are in the front part of a hull, the fighting compartment with rotatory turret in middle and rear parts of the hull. The armor is welded rolled steel. The SPG is equipped with an R-123 radio set, an R-124 intercom, an automatic CBRN defense system with filtration unit and fire-fighting equipment. The V-59 12-cylinder four-stroke water-cooled diesel engine connects to a mechanical two-speed transmission. The gear box is combined into one block with a planetary steering gear. The 2S3 has self-entrenching equipment which allows it to prepare a trench within 20 to 40 min. The crew consists of 4 to 6 men: a driver, a gunner, a loader, a commander, and two ammunition bearers, which are positioned to the rear of the vehicle feeding rounds through two hatches in the hull rear when in masked firing position. Armament: The 152.4 mm L/27 howitzer D-22 (2A33) can elevate from −4° to +60° with a turret traverse of a full 360°. Rate of fire is 2.6 – 3.5 rounds/min depending on firing conditions. The howitzer is equipped with a double-baffle muzzle brake, a semi-automatic vertical wedge breechblock and an ejector. The 2S3 has a periscopic sight for laying the howitzer, and telescopic sight for engaging targets with direct fire. The howitzer has separate type of loading with ammunition (35 rounds, later raised to up to 46) arranged in two mechanized stowages (in the turret and in the hull rear). The Akatsiya can fire OF-540 and OF-25 high-explosive fragmenting (HE-Frag) 43.56 kg projectiles (also all types of rounds developed for 152.4 mm towed howitzer-guns ML-20 and D-20, and for towed howitzer D-1) at a maximum range of 18.5 km depending on used charge or rocket-assisted projectiles (RAP) to a maximum of 24 km. Other projectiles include BP-540 high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT-FS) with sight distance of 3 km and 250 mm armor penetration, Br-540B and Br-540 armour-piercing ammunition (AP-T) with 115–120 mm armor penetration at a 1000 m, OF-38 Krasnopol laser-guided rocket-assisted projectiles, S1 illuminating, ZH3 smoke, nuclear (explosive yield of 2 kilotons). Secondary armament consists of a remotely controlled 7.62 mm PK machine gun tank (PKT) on commander's cupola for close range anti-aircraft and self defence. Maneuverability: The Akatsiya chassis Objekt 303 is based on that of the Object 123 tracked chassis of the 2K11 Krug surface-to-air missile system; it includes six (rather than seven as in the 2K11 Krug) twin rubber-tired road wheels, four rubber-tired return rollers (two single and two twin), front drive sprocket with detachable sprocket rings (lantern-wheel gear) and idler wheel per side. The track is 14.375 m long, 482 mm wide and has 115 links. The Akatsiya can cross 0.7 m high vertical obstacles, 3.0 m wide trenches, 1.05 m fording depth and climb 30° gradients. It can be transported by the cargo aircraft An-22, which can carry two self-propelled howitzers of this type. Series production: Two prototypes were built in the end of 1968. Factory tests finished in October 1969, and discovered strong gas contamination of the fighting compartment during intensive gunnery, especially during the use of small charges. As a result, army inspectors did not accept four SO-152s built in summer 1969 for ground tests. The problem of gas contamination was solved, allowing the SO-152 to enter service of the Soviet Army in 1971. The first three serial 2S3s were built by Uraltransmash in the end of 1970, and in 1971 nine were produced. The works received an order for 70 2S3 in 1973. The mass production finished in 1993.

Mannlicher M1893 bolt action rifle Mannlicher M1893 rifle was designed by famous Austrian gun designer Ferdinand von Mannlicher who worked at the Osterreichishe Waffenfabrik-Gesellschaft (OWG) factory, in the city of Steyr. In 1893 this rifle was adopted by Romania, and all production has been carried out by OWG. During WW1, a number of Mannlicher M1893 rifles that were still in OWG warehouses were taken into Austrian service, in its original 6.5x53R chambering or converted to Austria’s own 8x50R ammunition. In 1895 the same rifle with minor modifications was also adopted by Netherlands as Geweer M. 95. Until about 1902, Dutch contract Mannlicher M1895 rifles were produced by Steyr factory. After that, M1895 rifles and carbines were produced by Hemburg arsenal in Netherlands. Production there lasted until 1940. One peculiar feature of Dutch Mannlicher M.95 carbines was that there were way too many (probably more than a dozen) minor variations issued to different branches or services, such as cavalry, engineers, artillery, Navy, colonial troops etc. Mannlicher M1893 / M1895 rifle is manually operated, rotary bolt action weapon. Its bolt is based on modified German Gew.88 design, with dual locking lugs at the front of the bolt body and a detachable bolt head. Fixed magazine, designed by Mannlicher, is loaded using 5-round en-block clips that fit into the magazine and remain there with the ammunition in it. Once all ammunition from magazine is expended, empty clip automatically falls down and out of the magazine, through the opening in the magazine base. M1893 and m1895 Mannlicher clips were of ‘symmetrical’ design, with no designated ‘top’ or ‘bottom’ sizes. Receiver has split rear bridge to allow passage of the bolt handle, conveniently located at the middle of the bolt. Romanian and Dutch rifles are mechanically similar and have minor differences in the barrel lengths (Dutch rifle is slightly longer at 1295 mm overall, its barrel is 788 mm long), rear sight shape, wood and other minute details. Dutch carbines were available with many variations of stocks, fittings and sling loops. Ammunition and clips were interchangeable between all 6.5mm Mannlicher rifles and carbines of this basic design.

STEYR HS .50 longrange sniper rifle The Steyr .50 HS is the development of the famous Austrian arms manufacturer, the SteyrMannlicher Gmbh & Co KG. First displayed at the ShotShow-2004 (February2004, Las-Vegas, USA), this single shot rifle is primary intended for anti-material applications and counter-sniping. The Steyr .50HS is available in two calibers, the old and venerable .50BMG and the new .460Steyr . The Steyr .50 HS is a single shot rifle,with manually operated, rotating bolt with two large locking lugs at the front.The two-stage trigger is factory set to 4lbs (1.8kg). The buttstock is adjustable for length of pull, the cheekpiece is also adjustable. Heavy barrel is partially fluted and fitted with effective muzzle brake. Steyr .50 HS has no iron sights; the MilStd Picatinny rail is standard. Rifle is not intended to be fired off-hand; it is fitted with integral folding adjustable bipods.

Madsen light automatic rifle LAR M/62 7.62×51mm NATO Famous Danish company Dansk Industrie Sindikat (DISA) “Madsen” developed a modern prototype automatic rifle in late 1950s. Apparently, early models were made in caliber 7.62×39 M43 Soviet, to participate in Finnish army trials for new assault rifle. Later on, circa 1959, same weapon was reworked to fire larger and much more powerful 7.62×51 NATO ammunition, and in this form it was offered for any interested buyer as Madsen Light Automatic Rifle, LAR M/62. Apparently, this weapon failed to attract any serious buyers, and it soon went into oblivion. Madsen light automatic rifle LAR M/62 is a gas operated, selective fire weapon which fired from closed bolt. It uses rotary bolt locking and a long stroke piston gas system, with manual gas regulator. Receiver of the gun is made from aluminum alloy, with separate trigger unit / pistol grip attached below. Manual safety / selector switch is located on the left side of pistol grip. Rifle is fitted either with fixed wooden butt or with side-folding tubular metallic butt. Variants: Variants of the LAR came with solid wood stocks that covered the receiver from the handguard to the buttplate, then with a fixed steel tube and side/underfolding stocks. The earlier assault rifle variant (chambered for the 7.62×39mm M43 round but incompatible with AK magazines) was intended for the armed forces of Finland and to draw them away from using a Soviet-based design, the Valmet M62. However, Finland, being a neutral country, ignored this and went ahead with the Valmet M62, adopting it as their standard service rifle due to its cheaper cost for production and potentially better reliability.

Vz. 50 double-action, semi-automatic pistol .32ACP 1.Introduction 00:00 2.Design 01:20 Introduction The Vz. 50 (also known as the CZ 50) is a Czechoslovakian made double-action, semi-automatic pistol. Vz is an abbreviation of the Czech (as well as Slovak) term "vzor" meaning model. The small, pocket-sized Vz.50 was developed during late 1940s for police use and it was chambered for the marginally powerful 7.65×17 Browning ammunition. Influenced by the Walther PP in design, the Vz.50 had several differences in safety and disassembly. In the early 1970s the basic design went through minor face-lift, and the “new” design received the designation of Vz.70. Many Vz.50 pistols were refurbished to Vz.70 standard, with different finish, grip panels and a slightly different safety lever. New Vz.70 pistols were also manufactured between 1970 and 1983. After the replacement in service of the older Vz.50 and Vz.70 by more modern 9mm Vz.82 pistol, most were sold as surplus, as Cz-50 and Cz-70, respectively. Design The Vz.50 (commercially sold as Cz-50) is a compact pistol of all-steel construction, firing the relatively weak 7.65mm ammunition. It has a simple blowback action with a fixed barrel. The trigger is double-action, with an exposed hammer and a frame-mounted decocking safety lever. The sights are fixed. Magazines are single stack. The magazine release button is located relatively high on the left side of the frame, behind the trigger. Vz.70 (Cz-70) pistols are similar, with minor differences in the finish, shape of the safety lever and grips. Manual safety is a lever at left side of the frame, behind the trigger guard.

PPSh-41 7.62×25mm Tokarev Submachine gun 1.Introduction 00:00 2. Design 00:53 Introduction The PPSh-41 (Pistolet Pulemjot Shpagina model of 1941) was one of major infantry weapons of the Soviet troops during the Second World War. Total number of PPSh's manufactured during this War estimates to more than 6 millions. The gun became one of the symbols of the Great Patriotic War. Retired from Soviet Army service soon after the War, the PPSh was widely exported to some pro-Soviet countries around the world, including China, Vietnam and many African countries. It was effective, but somewhat crude weapon, reliable in combat but not without certain flaws. It has somewhat excessive rate of fire, and its drums were uncomfortable to carry and prone to feed problems once spring is weaken. Design The PPSch-41 was designed as a cheap and simple but effective war-time weapon. It featured simple blowback operated action, fired from open bolt. To decrease the recoil stress, gun was fitted with bolt buffer at the rear of receiver. The buffer was made from fiber and was attached to the return spring guide rod. The striker was permanently fixed to the bolt face. PPSh-41 was a select-fire weapon, with fire selector switch located inside the trigger guard, ahead of trigger. The safety was integrated into the charging handle and locked the bolt in forward or rearward position. The receiver and the barrel shroud was made from stamped steel. The front part of the barrel shroud extends beyond the muzzle and acted as a muzzle brake / muzzle flip compensator. Early PPSch-41's were issued with drum magazines with capacity of 71 round, similar to ones used in PPD-40. Such high capacity increased the firepower, but the magazines were too slow to refill and not too reliable, so in 1942 a curved box magazine was developed. This magazine held 35 rounds and was much more comfortable to carry in pouches. Usually, infantrymen carried one drum in the gun and some box magazines in the pouches or pockets. Early guns featured elevation-adjustable rear sights, marked up to 500 meters; late production guns had flip-type "L"-shaped rear sights marked for 100 and 200 meters range.

Taurus MT G2 submachine gun 01:55 PARTS LIST 1 STEEL FRONT SIGHT 2 STEEL REAR SIGHT 3 COCKING LEVER SCREW 4 COCKING LEVER SUPPORT 5 COCKING LEVER KNOB 6 MUZZLE BREAK 7 MUZZLE BREAK LOCK NUT 8 FRONT CARRYING SLING 9 BARREL 10 BARREL SUPPORT SCREW 11 BARREL SUPPORT 12 COCKING LEVER LOCK 13 EJEACTOR SCREW / COCKING LEVER LOCK SCREW 14 EJECTOR 15 LOWER RECEIVER 16 CARRYING SLING SUPPORT 17 CARRYING SLING SUPPORT SCREW 18 CARRYING SLING SUPPORT NUT 19 BOLT BUFFER 20 BUTTSTOCK SUPPORT 21 BUTTSTOCK HINGE PIN 22 BUTTSTOCK HINGE SPRING 23 BUTTSTOCK CORE 24 RETRACTABLE STOCK 25 THREADED INSERT BUSH 26 LOCKING TRIGGER SPRING 27 BUTTPLATE 28 BUTETPLATE SCREW 29 BUTTSTOCK RETRACTABLE HANDLE 30 BUTTSTOCK RETRACTABLE HANDLE PIN 31 BUTTSTOCK RETRACTABLE DETENT PIN 32 BUTTSTOCK RETRACTABLE DETENT 33 FOLDING BUTTON PIN 34 BUTTSTOCK FOLDING BUTTON SPRING 35 FOLDING BUTTON 36 BUTTSTOCK SUPPORT STOP 37 RECOIL SPRING GUIDE SCREW 38 RECOIL SPRING 39 RECOIL SPRING GUIDE 40 RECOIL SPRING GUIDE CHAPE 41 FIRING PIN 42 FIRING PIN SPRING 43 BOLT 44 EXTRACTOR PIN 45 EXTRACTOR 46 EXTRACTOR SPRING 47 RING 48 FIRING PIN RETAINED PIN 49 CARRYING SLING SUPPORT PIN 50 CARRYING SLING PIN LOCK 51 CARRYING SLING PIN LOCK SPRING 52 HANDGUARD 53 BOLT CATCH PIN 54 MOUNTING PIN DETENT 55 MOUNTING PIN DETENT SPRING 56 TAKE DOWN PIN CAP 57 TAKE DOWN PIN DETENT SPRING 58 TAKE DOWN PIN 59 BOLT CATCH RIGHT LEVER 60 BOLT CATCH SPRING 61 BOLT CATCH LEFT LEVER 62 LOWER RECEIVER FIXATION PIN 63 MAGAZINE RELEASE PIN 64 MAGAZINE RELEASE SPRING 65 MAGAZINE RELEASE 66 PISTOL GRIP SCREW 67 PISTOL GRIP DENTED WASHER 68 LOWER RECEIVER 69 TRIGGER MECHANISM PIN 70 GRIP 71 LIMITED BURST STROKE SPRING 72 LIMITED BURST STROKE 73 HAMMER 74 HAMMER SPRING 75 FULL AUTO SEAR 76 FULL AUTO SEAR SPRING 77 DISCONNECTOR FULL 78 DISCONNECTOR BURST 79 TRIGGER SPRING 80 DISCONNECTOR SPRING 81 TRIGGER BURST 82 SELECTOR INDEX 83 FIRE SELECTOR RIGHT LEVER 84 SELECTOR INDEX SPRING 85 HAMMER / TRIGGER / FULL AUTO SEAR PIN 86 FIRE SELECTOR LEFT LEVER 87 TRIGGER MECHANISM HOUSING 88 FOLLOWER 89 MAGAZINE SPRING 90 MAGAZINE SPRING PLATE 91 MAGAZINE BOTTOM CAP 92 MAGAZINE BODY

Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird Strategic reconnaissance aircraft 1.Overview 00:00 2.Airframe, canopy, and landing gear 02:08 3.Shape and threat avoidance 04:42 4.Air inlets 06:20 5.Engines 08:05 6.Astro-inertial navigation system 10:42 7.Sensors and payloads 12:07 8.Life support 12:57 The Lockheed SR-71 "Blackbird" is a retired long-range, high-altitude, Mach 3+ strategic reconnaissance aircraft developed and manufactured by the American aerospace company Lockheed Corporation. The SR-71 was developed as a black project from the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft during the 1960s by Lockheed's Skunk Works division. The shape of the SR-71 was based on that of the Lockheed A-12, which was one of the first aircraft to be designed with a reduced radar cross-section in mind. The SR-71 was longer and heavier than the A-12, allowing it to hold more fuel as well as a two-seat cockpit. The SR-71's existence was revealed to the public in July 1964; it entered service in the United States Air Force (USAF) in January 1966. In 1989, the USAF retired the SR-71, largely for political reasons; several were briefly reactivated during the 1990s before their second retirement in 1998. NASA was the final operator of the Blackbird, using it as a research platform; it was retired again in 1999. Mission equipment for the plane's aerial reconnaissance role included signals intelligence sensors, side looking airborne radar, and a camera. During missions, the SR-71 operated at high speeds and altitudes (Mach 3.2 and 85,000 ft; 26,000 m), allowing it to outrace or entirely avoid threats. If a surface-to-air missile launch was detected, the standard evasive action was simply to accelerate and outpace the missile. On average, each SR-71 could fly once per week due to the extended turnaround required after mission recovery. A total of 32 aircraft were built; 12 were lost in accidents with none lost to enemy action.

FN P90 personal defense submachine gun The FN P90 Submachine Gun (SMG) was developed in the late 1980’s as a personal defense weapon. It was intended for troops whose primary activities did not include small arms, such as vehicle and tank crew members, artillery crews etc. Standard pistols and submachine guns chambered for pistol rounds had proven ineffective against enemy soldiers wearing body armor. Therefore FN designers first developed a new round with enhanced penetration, initially known as SS90. To achieve the necessary high penetration while keeping the recoil impulse low, FN used a small-bore approach, creating a round that looked much like a scaled down 5.56 NATO round. It must be noted that similar concepts were tried in other countries, most notably in the USA, several decades before FN. For example, the US Army tested M1 carbines chambered for the .221 Johnson Spitfire round back in the late 1950’s. Later on, Colt produced its .22 SCAMP and 5.6×30 MARS ammunition for the special SCAMP machine pistol and MARS “mini assault rifle” (a scaled-down M16 rifle) respectively. It must be noted that the 5.6×30 MARS round was in a sense a direct predecessor to the 5.7×28 FN SS90 round, although the latter featured a slightly lighter and faster bullet. By the late 1980’s the concept of a small-bore, low-impulse “personal defense weapon” (PDW) with good accuracy and lethality at ranges of up to 200-250 meters was well established, although there were no weapons adopted for service yet. FN decided to follow this concept and create its own PDW using a “clean sheet” approach. Basic ideas used for this development, designated as ‘Project 9.0’, included the following: - minimal size and weight - large magazine capacity - complete ambidexterity - ease of use and maintenance. To save on size and weight, the FN designers put the new weapon into a compact and lightweight stock of bullpup layout, made of impact-resistant polymer. The high-capacity magazine was also made from semi-translucent polymer, and holds 50 rounds in two rows. To further make the loaded weapon as compact as possible, FN designers followed the idea of American designer Hall, and placed the magazine above the barrels, with cartridges stored in horizontal position with bullets at 90°. While the Hall system employed a rotary feed unit, operated by the bolt, to put new cartridge in line with the barrel, FN designers incorporated a stationary helical ramp into each magazine, which rotates the cartridge 90° prior to passing through the feed lips. Complete ambidexterity was achieved by using duplicate controls (including dual charging handles and dual back-up open sights), and bottom ejection. Finally, simplicity of aim was achieved by the use of an integral reflex type collimating sight and integral laser aiming module (LAM). The resulting weapon appeared in 1990 as the FN P90 Personal Defense Weapon. This was alongside the improved 5.7×28 SS190 ammunition, replacing polymer-cored bullets with heavier dual-core (steel / aluminum) bullets giving better penetration against body armor. Several other types of ammunition were developed for this weapon, including tracer, subsonic ball and soft-core training ball. The first sales of P90 were made to Saudi Arabia in the early 1990’s. Today it is believed that FN sold more than 20 000 P90’s to a wide variety of law enforcement agencies and military special operation units worldwide, including the US Secret Service, Austrian Army rangers, Dutch BBE Special Operations Forces, the Belgian Army among others. Most interestingly, the adoption of the P90 so far has generally been in direct opposition to what was originally intended: That of a “personal defense weapon”. In fact, most services and various agencies use it as an offensive weapon, as a specialist or even primary weapon for various assault teams. Also other “professional small-arms users”, as opposed to military personnel whose primary functions do not include the use of small arms. In around 1995 FN supplemented the P90 with a pistol design, firing the same 5.7×28 ammunition, designated as the FN Five-seveN. Recently, FN also introduced a civilian version of the P90, designated as the PS90 carbine. This is a self-loading weapon with a longer barrel (408 mm / 16″).

FAMAS Bullpup assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO Introduction 00:00 Technical description 03:18 FAMAS stands for Fusil d’Assaut de la Manufacture d’Armes de St-Etienne (Assault Rifle by St-Etienne Arms Factory – a member of the French govt. owned GIAT Industries concern). Development of this rifle began in 1967, under the leadership of the Paul Tellie, a French arms designer. First FAMAS prototype had been built in 1971. French military began to test this rifle in 1972-73, but, in the meantime, France adopted a Swiss-designed SIG SG-540 5.56mm assault rifle as an intermediate solution. FAMAS rifle was adopted by the French in 1978 and since then became a standard French Army shoulder fired small arm, known among the French soldiers as “Le Clairon” (the bulge). According to the Janes Infantry Weapons 2000, the total number of FAMAS F1 rifles built is estimated at 400 000, and the production of the F1 variant has been completed before 2000. It is still used by the French army and was exported in small numbers to some countries like the Senegal or United Arab Emirates. Since then, the GIAT Industries developed an improved version of the F1, known as the G1. This rifle featured an enlarged trigger guard, that covered a whole hand, and a slightly improved plastic handguards. G1 was an intermediate design, and was consequently replaced by the latest production model, the FAMAS G2, which appeared circa 1994. This rifle has the G1-style enlarged trigger guard but can accept only STANAG type (M16-compatible) magazines. It was adopted and purchased by the French Navy in the 1995, but French army never get down to adopt it, so overall production was fairly small, about 10-15 thousand total. FAMAS F1 rifles began to receive midlife update (Picatinny rails, new bipods, forward grips etc.) in around 2010, but in 2014 all upgrade work has been cancelled in favour of purchasing entirely new rifles of foreign make. Since 2016 well-worn and aged FAMAS inventory is gradually replaced in French service with German-made HK416F rifles, although this process could take more than few years to complete. FAMAS rifles also served as a testbed for small arms part of the FELIN program (Fantassin à Équipement et Liaisons Intégrés, Integrated Infantryman Equipment and Communications). Several thousands of FAMAS F1 rifles were upgraded between 2010 and 2014 to accept electonic equipment of the FELIN system. Among other upgrades, it included new forward grip with supporting bracket at the bottom and the keypad at the top rear, with several buttons that are used to operate and control onboard electronics.

Lahti L-39 antitank rifle "Elephant Gun" The L-39 antitank rifle (official Finnish designation 20 pst kiv/39, unofficial "Norsupyssy" – elephant gun) was developed by famous Finnish arms designer Aimo Lahti on request from Finnish army. Early prototypes were built around proprietary 20×113 ammunition, also designed by Lahti, but in mas production this was changed to more common 20x138B ammunition, which was more powerful, has wider selection of loadings (AP, AP-T, AP-HE, Incendiary etc), and was also common with 20mm AA guns, bought from Germany. About 1 800 of these guns were produced by VKT factory during the WW2, and although 20mm shells were rather ineffective against Soviet T-34 and KV tanks, Finnish army made a good use of this weapon to fight light armor, bunkers and other targets of importance. In 1944, an 'anti-aircraft rifle', known as 20 it kiv/39-44, was developed from the L-39, by adding select-fire capability and simple anti-aircraft mount. It must be noted that Finnish army kept its stocks of Lahti L-39 anti-tank rifles well after the WW2 – many were surplussed and sold to USA in early 1960s and last ones were scrapped or sold as surplus in mid-1980s. Lahti L-39 anti-tank rifle is a semi-automatic, gas operated weapon. Gas piston is located below the barrel, and a manual gas regulator is provided in gas block. The bolt locking is achieved by vertically sliding locking block, which is installed in the bolt. When in battery, this locking block is forced up by cam surface in the bolt carrier to engage the slot cut in the receiver. After discharge, rearward movement of the gas piston and bolt carrier forces the locking block to fall down and unblock the bolt; after that, bolt is free to recoil along with bolt carrier. One unusual feature of the Lahti L-39 anti-tank rifle is that bolt remains open after each shot, which allows the barrel to cool down faster after each shot. Despite that, gun is fires from closed bolt, and the firing sequence after each shot involves two deliberate actions. First, shooter must squeeze grip lever (located below the trigger guard) to release bolt forward. Once bolt is fully locked, shooter can pull the conventional trigger and fire the gun. Feed is from detachable top-mounted magazines, ejection is to the bottom. To reduce the felt recoil, rifle is equipped with massive muzzle brake and a soft shoulder pad. Standard iron sights are fully adjustable and calibrated between 200 and 1400 meters. Lahti L-39 anti-tank rifle was equipped with unusual "dual" bipod, with two sets of legs, one with spiked shoes for use on more or less hard ground and another with skid-type shoes for use on soft ground or snow.

Anti-tank guided missile 130 mm / 152 mm 1.Introduction 00:00 2.Technical description 01:02 The Skif, also known as the Stugna-P or Stuhna-P, is a Ukrainian anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system developed in the early 2010s by the Luch Design Bureau, a unit of UkrOboronProm. The initial guidance device PN-S (ПН-С) of the Skif was developed and manufactured by Belarusian design bureau Peleng based in Minsk. The Skif is designed to destroy modern armored targets with combined carried or monolithic armor, including explosive reactive armor (ERA). The Skif can attack both stationary and moving targets. It can be used to attack from both long range (up to 5 kilometres, 3.1 mi in the daytime) and close range (100 metres; 330 ft). It can attack point targets such as weapon emplacements, lightly armored objects, and hovering helicopters. Technical description: The Skif consists of a tripod, PDU-215 remote control panel, guidance device, and thermographic camera (thermal imager). Each round of ammunition comes in its own canister of either 130 or 152 mm diameter. The PDU-215 control panel is a briefcase-like laptop computer with a control panel, holding a small joystick and a flat-panel display, that is connected to the firing unit by a cable, allowing it be used at distances up to 50 metres (160 ft) away. Two firing modes are available: manual, and fire-and-forget. Fire-and-forget provides automatic control of the missile flight using a targeting laser beam. A three to four-person team is optimal for deploying the Skif. Operators require specially made backpacks. Once the missile is fired, the operator controls the Skif and corrects the aim when needed, by using the joystick on the remote control. The Skif's system has a shelf life of 15 years. The missiles have a 10-year shelf life. The system comes complete with 130 mm and 152 mm caliber missiles in transport and launching containers. Tandem charge high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) RK-2S warheads might be able to counter medium weight main battle tanks such as the T-90A with penetration of 800 millimetres (31 in) behind ERA. RK-2M-K warheads might be able to counter heavy main battle tanks such as M1A2 Abrams with their penetration of 1,100 millimetres (43 in) behind ERA. The system also includes high explosive (HE) fragmentation RK-2OF and RK-2М-OF warheads to attack infantry positions and light armored vehicles. The system can use all four types of missiles with no modification. The system's thermal imager can be used during night operations. A SLX-Hawk thermal imaging camera produced by Selex ES can be installed for use at night and in poor visibility conditions. The Ukrainian military only uses the 130 mm caliber missiles, as the 152 mm versions were made to compete against the Russian Kornet-EM on the export market. The upgraded Skif-M was unveiled in 2022, which has improvements such as a lighter tripod, a revised traverse and elevation housing, a new lightweight remote-control panel, new batteries to power the launcher and panel, and the new PN-U sighting and guidance unit (SGU) which includes a laser rangefinder. The Luch Design Bureau said the Skif-M had been delivered to the Ukrainian armed forces in September 2023.

SAS-12 pump action shotgun The SAS-12 shotgun is manufactured by Shooters Arms Manufacturing Company of Philippines. It is intended for police and security use, as well as for home defense. It is available in two versions, standard and “tactical”, the latter being equipped with Picatinny-type accessory rails. The SAS-12 shotgun is manually operated, pump action shotgun. Instead of the sliding forend it uses movable vertical foregrip, located below the stationary forearm. To load the gun, one must pull the vertical grip back then return it to the forward position. Gun is fed from detachable box magazines, each holding 6 rounds of ammunition. Ambidextrous manual safety is located above the pistol grip, on either side of the gun. Rifle-type sights include front post and rear aperture-type blade, built into the polymer carrying handle. Shoulder stock is of retractable “M4 carbine” type, and is made from polymer.

9K333 Verba man-portable infrared homing surface-to-air missile 1.Introduction 00:00 2.History 00:27 3.Missile 01:39 4.Operations 03:26 The 9K333 Verba (Russian: Верба, "Willow") is a Russian fourth-generation man-portable infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM) MANPADS. "9K333" is the Russian GRAU designation of the system. Its NATO reporting name is SA-29 Gizmo. History: The 9K333 Verba was originally developed as a replacement for the 9K38 Igla. The Verba's primary new feature is its multispectral optical seeker, using three sensors - ultraviolet, near infrared, and mid-infrared - as opposed to the Igla-S' two. Cross-checking sensors against one another better discriminates between relevant targets and decoys, and decreases the chance of disruption from countermeasures, including lasers that attempt to blind missiles. According to a KBM spokesperson, the Verba can engage fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft and “new types of threats” such as unmanned aerial vehicles and cruise missiles. “The 9K333 can effectively engage aerial targets with low infrared signature. The system can be coupled to an external identification friend or foe [IFF] unit,” the spokesperson said. The Verba's containerized 9M336 surface-to-air missile (SAM) can be integrated into ground- and sea-based short-range air-defense (SHORAD) systems. “The SAM can also be used by air platforms,” the spokesperson added. Missile: The SA-25 VERBA 9K333 uses the missile 9M336 with a new multispectral optical seeker which uses three sensors - ultraviolet, near-infrared, and mid-infrared - as opposed to the dual-waveband infrared used in the Igla-S system. This allows getting more information about the purpose which makes the portable anti-aircraft missile system more selective and sensitive. Increased sensitivity rises the range of the real target lock. The multispectral sensor enables faster discrimination between appropriate targets and decoys and decreases the chance of disruption from infrared countermeasures, including high-power flares and lasers. Its reaction time is within 8 seconds, and its warhead has gained 1.5 kg more weight – an increase of 20 percent. Three sensors are counterchecking each other, neutralizing aerial decoy systems. The seeker is picking out the decoys, selecting real target, which has the smallest thermal signature. The seeker`s sensitivity has been increased by eight times. As a result, the range of acquisition and elimination of aerial targets has been expanded by two-and-a-half times (compared to Igla-S MANPADS). The missile`s jamming resistance has been increased by 10 times. The Verba`s missile maximum range has been increased to 6 km due to the installation of a new jet engine. 9M336 missile has a flight ceiling of 3,500 m. Verba`s full ready-to-shoot weight (including the launching unit, SAM and battery) is 17.25 kg (38 pounds). Operations: The SA-25 Verba`s command & control (C2) system allows for detecting aerial targets (including the target sets), determining the flight variables and even distributing the acquired targets between launching unit’s operators. The VERBA 9K333 uses a new integrated automated control system (ACS) terminal offering the possibility to fire individually and as part of the battery. Through the ACS the commander uses data not only from ground radar but also, according to some data, even from early radar warning aircraft. It can see its targets in advance and then distribute them among operators of MANPADS in automatic mode. The ACS tracks potential targets before they are within engagement range, and automatically assigns the task to the launcher crew that is best poised to fire on the target. With the news ACS, the VERBA Verba crews’ reaction time is reduced by a factor of 10 (from a previous time of 3 to 5 minutes).

HAL Tejas Multirole light fighter 1.Overview 00:00 2.Airframe 02:36 3.Avionics 03:25 4.Flight control system 06:43 5.Propulsion 08:26 The Tejas is a single-engine multirole combat aircraft which has a tailless, compound delta wing design with "relaxed static stability" for enhanced manoeuvrability and agility. The Tejas is a multi-role combat aircraft and its flexibility permits it to carry out Interception, air-to-surface and anti-shipping roles in a single mission. The wind tunnel testing and computational fluid dynamics analysis have optimised the design of Tejas for minimum transonic and supersonic wave drag, as well low wing-loading. It was designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in collaboration with Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC) of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy. There are three production models of the Tejas - the mark 1, mark 1A and a trainer version. The Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be ready for series production by 2026. Tejas has eight hardpoints – one beneath the port-side air-intake, one under the fuselage (centreline station) and three hardpoints under each wing, of these, three are wet hardpoints which can carry drop tanks. The hardpoint beneath the port side air-intake is dedicated to carrying sensor pods such as FLIR, IRST or laser rangefinder/designator. These can also be carried on the centreline pylon and inboard pairs of wing stations. The Mark 1A has an aerial refuelling probe on the starboard side of the forward fuselage. The Tejas weapon suite consists of I-Derby ER and Astra beyond visual range air-to-air missiles and R-73, Python-5 and ASRAAM close combat missiles. The Tejas has an internal 23 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 twin-barreled autocannon under the starboard side air-intake. The BrahMos-NG supersonic cruise missile is being developed for the Tejas. The relatively smaller size, extensive use of airframe composites, the Y-duct inlet which shields the engine compressor blades, the application of radar-absorbent material (RAM) coatings and so on, reduces the overall radar cross-section of the aircraft. Avionics The avionics of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around Elta EL/M-2032 radar. Its digital flight control computer developed by ADE and manufactured BEL. It has an electronic warfare (EW) suite domestically developed by Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), which consists of a radar warning receiver (RWR), integrated self-protection jammer, chaff and flare dispenser system. The upgraded variant of the Tejas Mark 1, named the Tejas Mark 1A, will have an AESA radar, new digital flight control computer, new EW suite and updated avionics. Some of the production Mark 1A fighters will be equipped with the Elta EL/M-2052 AESA radar, while rest are expected to fly with the domestically developed Uttam AESA radar. The new EW system for the Mark 1A, developed by DARE and known as the Unified Electronic Warfare suite (UEWS), will have electronic countermeasures and electronic counter-countermeasure capabilities, digital radio frequency memory based jamming and deception capabilities. The Tejas Mark 1A will also carry a pod-mounted self-protection jammer. The Tejas can also carry pod-based sensors such as forward looking infrared (FLIR). Currently the Tejas is cleared to carry the Rafael Litening III targeting/reconnaissance pod, while an advanced version named Litening 4I will be integrated on the Tejas. The Litening 4I pod enables the aircraft to carry out reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering, in addition to target acquisition. The Tejas has an integrated health-monitoring system too. Propulsion Developing an indigenous jet engine for Tejas was one of the five self-reliance goals identified at the beginning of the LCA Programme. A programme led by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) to design and develop an indigenous powerplant, the Kaveri, was launched as early as in 1986. However Kaveri jet engine development faced some setbacks, hence the General Electric F404-GE-F2J3 afterburning turbofan engine was procured as an interim solution. Since 2004, uprated General Electric F404-GE-IN20 engines are powering Tejas variants.

Santa Barbara "Fusil Reformado" FR-7 / FR-8 bolt action rifle The FR-7 and FR-8 rifles were developed during late 1950s in Spain during their transition from military bolt action rifles to new, select-fire CETME Mod.58 assault rifles, chambered for then-new 7.62×51 NATO ammunition. The FR letters stand for “Fusil Refromando”, and both FR-7 and FR-8 rifles are conversions of the earlier Mauser type bolt action rifles, which were in abundance at the time because of adoption of new, more effective guns. The FR-7 rifles were converted from Spanish Model 1916 rifles, which are based on Model 1893 Mauser rifles, also known as “Small ring” Mausers. The FR-8 rifles were converted from Spanish Model 1943 rifles, which are based on Model 1898 Mauser action, also known as “Large ring” Mauser action. Conversions included new barrels, inserted spacers in magazines (to accommodate shorter rounds), shortened forends and new iron sights. The FR-7 and FR-8 rifles were issued to Guarda Civil units and also used for military training, as their sighting arrangements and ballistics were intentionally made similar to that of the CETME assault rifle. These rifles were used in Spain until about 1980, when Spanish armed forces began transition to the 5.56mm weapons, and many FR-7 and FR-8 rifles were then sold as surplus. The FR-8 rifle is a manually operated bolt action rifle. It employs Mauser type rotary bolt with two frontal locking lugs and single rear lug (FR-7 bolt has no rear safety lug), and Mauser-type extractor which provides controlled feed. Cartridges are fed from integral box magazine with 5-round capacity, which can be loaded using stripper clips or loose rounds. Barrel is equipped with muzzle brake / flash hider, which also can be used to launch NATO-standard rifle grenades. The short tube, located below the barrel, has mostly cosmetic purpose, as it serves to provide bayonet mount interface. Its inner space also can be used to store front sight adjustment tool or small cleaning kit. The iron sights consist of adjustable, hooded front sight and combination aperture/V-notch rear sight, which is made in the form of rotating disc. The rear sight disc has V-notch for 100 meters range and three apertures for 200, 300 and 400 meters range. Standard accessories also include rifle slink and a knife-bayonet, similar to that used with CETME Mod.58 assault rifles.

Santa Bárbara Sistemas 155/52 Field howitzer 155mm The Santa Bárbara Sistemas 155/52 is a 155 mm towed howitzer developed and manufactured by the Spanish company Santa Bárbara Sistemas (SBS). Description: This howitzer has a twin-mast mount, hydraulic stem-type brake and hydraulic counter-stem with moderator, pneumatic recoiler, screw lock with self-closing drive, three-stage muzzle brake and plastic biscuit shutter. It also has a 106 HP diesel engine that acts as an auxiliary power unit (APU) and gives it an autonomous speed of 18 km/h, allowing rapid entry and exit into position. Although the Spanish Army plans to equip itself with self-propelled howitzers on wheels, it is ruled out to develop a version of this type of this piece due to its high weight. The tube is an autofretted monobloc, with a length, as indicated by the name of the piece, of 52 calibers, that is, 52 times its diameter (155 mm), 8,120 mm. The chamber volume is 23 liters. The howitzer can use instantaneous, timed, proximity and electronic percussion fuses. The projectiles, for their part, can be breaker, smoke, illuminating and anti-tank. Its aiming sector in direction is -/+ 40° and in elevation -3/+72°. It has a hydraulic loading system, usable with any angle of fire and any type of ammunition. It is also equipped with an inertial navigation system and a ballistic computer. The manufacturing and assembly is carried out in the Asturian factories of La Vega and Trubia, although the raw tubes are supplied by the German company Rheinmetall, although their production, using the cold self-banding system, is done in Trubia.