AnimalWildTrainer

The dog or domestic dog (Canis familiaris[4][5]) is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Synonyms[3] List C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenovae C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terrarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. turcicus Gmelin, 1792 C. urcani C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. variegatus Gmelin, 1792 C. venaticus Gmelin, 1792 C. vertegus Gmelin, 1792 Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Evolution Biology Behavior Ecology Roles with humans Terminology See also References Bibliography External links Last edited 1 day ago by BronaldBrump101 Wikipedia Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Privacy policy Terms of UseDesktop 0 COMMENTS Add a comment... 0/2000 COMMENT 9s Dog dancing on beat with full mood AnimalWildTrainer 56s Dog dancing with a hula hoop THE SCENES AND MOTIVATIONAL PHRASES OF THE FILMS 1m51s Fun with the dancing dog VideosLegais 16s DANCING WITH THE DOG Chagas6970 17s Dog Dancing with music Funny Dog and cat videos 1m10s DOG Dancing WITH MUSIC King0000 11s Cute dog dancing on the beat Edisonaraujo 9s Cute Dog Dancing with Eating rak2811 29s Dog with Dancing ☺️😅..😀🤣 Ranjikuber 13s Dog dancing with two strangers and shocked !!! BKTech

The dog or domestic dog (Canis familiaris[4][5]) is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Synonyms[3] List C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenovae C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terrarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. turcicus Gmelin, 1792 C. urcani C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. variegatus Gmelin, 1792 C. venaticus Gmelin, 1792 C. vertegus Gmelin, 1792 Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Evolution Biology Behavior Ecology Roles with humans Terminology See also References Bibliography External links Last edited 1 day ago by BronaldBrump101 Wikipedia Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Privacy policy Terms of UseDesktop 0 COMMENTS Add a comment... 0/2000 COMMENT 9s Dog dancing on beat with full mood AnimalWildTrainer 56s Dog dancing with a hula hoop THE SCENES AND MOTIVATIONAL PHRASES OF THE FILMS 1m51s Fun with the dancing dog VideosLegais 16s DANCING WITH THE DOG Chagas6970 17s Dog Dancing with music Funny Dog and cat videos 1m10s DOG Dancing WITH MUSIC King0000 11s Cute dog dancing on the beat Edisonaraujo 9s Cute Dog Dancing with Eating rak2811 29s Dog with Dancing ☺️😅..😀🤣 Ranjikuber 13s Dog dancing with two strangers and shocked !!! BKTech

The dog or domestic dog (Canis familiaris[4][5]) is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Synonyms[3] List C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenovae C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terrarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. turcicus Gmelin, 1792 C. urcani C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. variegatus Gmelin, 1792 C. venaticus Gmelin, 1792 C. vertegus Gmelin, 1792 Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Evolution Biology Behavior Ecology Roles with humans Terminology See also References Bibliography External links Last edited 1 day ago by BronaldBrump101 Wikipedia Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Privacy policy Terms of UseDesktop 0 COMMENTS Add a comment... 0/2000 COMMENT 9s Dog dancing on beat with full mood AnimalWildTrainer 56s Dog dancing with a hula hoop THE SCENES AND MOTIVATIONAL PHRASES OF THE FILMS 1m51s Fun with the dancing dog VideosLegais 16s DANCING WITH THE DOG Chagas6970 17s Dog Dancing with music Funny Dog and cat videos 1m10s DOG Dancing WITH MUSIC King0000 11s Cute dog dancing on the beat Edisonaraujo 9s Cute Dog Dancing with Eating rak2811 29s Dog with Dancing ☺️😅..😀🤣 Ranjikuber 13s Dog dancing with two strangers and shocked !!! BKTech

At the time of the UFC's inception in 1993, mixed martial arts was not sanctioned in the United States, and did not include weight classes. Instead of the traditional championship model, the UFC held tournaments with the winner receiving a permanent appellation.[2] In response to criticism from Senator John McCain that saw the loss of its television deal and the banning of the sport in thirty-six states, the UFC increased its cooperation with state athletic commissions and introduced weight classes in 1997, starting with UFC 12, and began introducing weight-specific titles.[3] The original codification for weight classes introduced only two divisions: heavyweight, which grouped together all competitors above 200 pounds (91 kg), and lightweight, which encompassed all competitors 199 pounds (90 kg) and under. At UFC 14 the lightweight division would be renamed to middleweight, though it would still encompass all fighters 199 pounds (90 kg) and under.[4] The lightweight moniker would later return at UFC 16 with a new division consisting of those competitors 170 pounds (77 kg) and under.[5] Two years later a fourth weight class, the bantamweight division, arrived at UFC 26 and included all fighters 155 pounds (70 kg) and under.[4] In 2000, the New Jersey State Athletic Control Board completely took over MMA regulation in its home state and developed new rules and weight classes that eventually became the de facto rule set for all mixed martial arts.[6] The UFC realigned their weight classes to comply with these new regulations in 2001, beginning with UFC 31.[7] At the time, this brought the total number of active divisions in the UFC to five: lightweight, welterweight, middleweight, light heavyweight, and heavyweight. It would be nearly ten years before the UFC would expand their divisional offerings to include any of the lower weight classes. The first additions came in late 2010 when the UFC merged with their sister organization World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC). Due to the WEC's focus on lighter weight fighters, this merger necessitated the addition of both the featherweight and bantamweight divisions to the UFC, starting with The Ultimate Fighter season 12 finale.[8] In early 2012 the UFC decided they would delve even further into the lower weight classes when they announced the introduction of the flyweight division to their ranks, beginning with UFC on FX: Alves vs. Kampmann.[9] In November 2012, as a result of the forthcoming dissolution of their sister organization Strikeforce, the UFC announced they would be adding female fighters to their roster for the first time in the promotion's history. Initially, only the women's bantamweight division was brought over, with the division's premiere bout taking place at UFC 157.[10] A little over a year later, the UFC announced they would be expanding their weight classes for female fighters with the addition of a women's strawweight division,[11] the first bout took place at UFC Fight Night: Cowboy vs. Miller.[12] In late 2016, a featherweight division was introduced for the women with the first bout to be for the inaugural championship at UFC 208 on February 11, 2017. In that same year the UFC announced the Women's Flyweight division would officially be added, with the winner of the 26th season of The Ultimate Fighter to be named the inaugural champion. Current champions Edit [13] Men Edit Division Champion Since Defenses Heavyweight Francis Ngannou Mar 27, 2021 1 Light Heavyweight Glover Teixeira Oct 30, 2021 0 Middleweight Israel Adesanya Oct 6, 2019 4 Welterweight Kamaru Usman Mar 2, 2019 5 Lightweight Charles Oliveira May 15, 2021 1 Featherweight Alexander Volkanovski Dec 14, 2019 2 Bantamweight Aljamain Sterling Mar 6, 2021 0 Petr Yan (interim) Oct 30, 2021 0 Flyweight Deiveson Figueiredo Jan 22, 2022 0 Women Edit Division Champion Since Defenses Featherweight Amanda Nunes Dec 29, 2018 2 Bantamweight Julianna Peña Dec 11, 2021 0 Flyweight Valentina Shevchenko Dec 8, 2018 6 Strawweight Rose Namajunas Apr 24, 2021 1 Men's championship history Edit Heavyweight Championship Edit 206 to 265 lb (93 to 120 kg) The UFC Superfight Championship was unified with the UFC Tournament Championship to determine the inaugural UFC Heavyweight Champion on February 7, 1997, when Mark Coleman defeated Dan Severn at UFC 12.[4] No. Name Event Date Reign (total) Defenses 1 Mark Coleman def. Dan Severn UFC 12 Dothan, AL, US Feb 7, 1997 170 days 2 Maurice Smith UFC 14 Birmingham, AL, US Jul 27, 1997 147 days 1. def. Tank Abbott at UFC 15 on Oct 17, 1997 3 Randy Couture UFC Japan Yokohama, Japan Dec 21, 1997 ? days Couture was stripped of the title in January 1998, when he left the UFC due to a contract dispute. 4 Bas Rutten def. Kevin Randleman UFC 20 Birmingham, AL, US May 7, 1999 ? days Rutten vacated the title in June 1999 in order to drop down to Light Heavyweight. He retired soon after due to training injuries.[14] 5 Kevin Randleman def. Pete Williams UFC 23 Tokyo, Japan Nov 19, 1999 364 days 1. def. Pedro Rizzo at UFC 26 on Jun 9, 2000 6 Randy Couture (2) UFC 28 Atlantic City, NJ, US Nov 17, 2000 490 days (490+ days) 1. def. Pedro Rizzo at UFC 31 on May 4, 2001 2. 2. def. Pedro Rizzo at UFC 34 on Nov 2, 2001 7 Josh Barnett UFC 36 Las Vegas, NV, US Mar 22, 2002 126 days Barnett was stripped of the title on July 26, 2002, after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test.[15] 8 Ricco Rodriguez def. Randy Couture UFC 39 Uncasville, CT, US Sep 27, 2002 154 days 9 Tim Sylvia UFC 41 Atlantic City, NJ, US Feb 28, 2003 229 days 1. def. Gan McGee at UFC 44 on Sep 26, 2003 Sylvia was stripped of the title on October 15, 2003, after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test.[16] 10 Frank Mir def. Tim Sylvia UFC 48 Las Vegas, NV, US Jun 19, 2004 419 days — Andrei Arlovski def. Tim Sylvia for interim title UFC 51 Las Vegas, NV, US Feb 5, 2005 — 1. def. Justin Eilers at UFC 53 on Jun 4, 2005 Mir was stripped of the title on August 12, 2005, for inactivity resulting from injuries he sustained in a road accident.[17] 11 Andrei Arlovski promoted to undisputed champion — Aug 12, 2005 246 days 1. def. Paul Buentello at UFC 55 on Oct 7, 2005 12 Tim Sylvia (2) UFC 59 Anaheim, CA, US Apr 15, 2006 322 days (551 days) 1. def. Andrei Arlovski at UFC 61 on Jul 8, 2006 2. 2. def. Jeff Monson at UFC 65 on Nov 18, 2006 13 Randy Couture (3) UFC 68 Columbus, OH, US Mar 3, 2007 623 days (1,113+ days) 1. def. Gabriel Gonzaga at UFC 74 on Aug 25, 2007 — Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira def. Tim Sylvia for interim title UFC 81 Las Vegas, NV, US Feb 2, 2008 — 14 Brock Lesnar UFC 91 Las Vegas, NV, US Nov 15, 2008 707 days 1. def. interim champion Frank Mir at UFC 100 on Jul 11, 2009 2. 2. def. interim champion Shane Carwin at UFC 116 on Jul 3, 2010 — Frank Mir def. interim champion Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira UFC 92 Las Vegas, NV, US Dec 27, 2008 — — Shane Carwin def. Frank Mir for interim title UFC 111 Newark, NJ, US Mar 27, 2010 — 15 Cain Velasquez UFC 121 Anaheim, CA, US Oct 23, 2010 385 days 16 Junior dos Santos UFC on Fox: Velasquez vs. dos Santos Anaheim, CA, US Nov 12, 2011 413 days 1. def. Frank Mir at UFC 146 on May 26, 2012 17 Cain Velasquez (2) UFC 155 Las Vegas, NV, US Dec 29, 2012 896 days (1,281 days) 1. def. Antônio Silva at UFC 160 on May 25, 2013 2. 2. def. Junior dos Santos at UFC 166 on Oct 19, 2013 — Fabrício Werdum def. Mark Hunt for interim title UFC 180 Mexico City, Mexico Nov 15, 2014 — 18 Fabrício Werdum UFC 188 Mexico City, Mexico Jun 13, 2015 336 days 19 Stipe Miocic UFC 198 Curitiba, Brazil May 14, 2016 785 days 1. def. Alistair Overeem at UFC 203 on Sep 10, 2016 2. 2. def. Junior dos Santos at UFC 211 on May 13, 2017 3. 3. def. Francis Ngannou at UFC 220 on Jan 20, 2018 20 Daniel Cormier UFC 226 Las Vegas, NV, US Jul 7, 2018 407 days 1. def. Derrick Lewis at UFC 230 on Nov 3, 2018 21 Stipe Miocic (2) UFC 241 Anaheim, CA, US Aug 17, 2019 589 days (1,374 days) 1. def. Daniel Cormier at UFC 252 on Aug 15, 2020 22 Francis Ngannou UFC 260 Las Vegas, NV, US Mar 27, 2021 323 days (incumbent) 1. def. interim champion Ciryl Gane at UFC 270 on Jan 22, 2022 — Ciryl Gane def. Derrick Lewis for interim title UFC 265 Houston, TX, US Aug 7, 2021 — Light Heavyweight Championship Edit 186 to 205 lb (84 to 93 kg) The Light Heavyweight Championship was known as the Middleweight Championship prior to UFC 31 (May 4, 2001). The Pride World Middleweight Championship (209.4 lb) was unified with the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship on September 8, 2007, when Quinton Jackson defeated Dan Henderson at UFC 75.[4] No. Name Event Date Reign (Total) Defenses 1 Frank Shamrock def. Kevin Jackson UFC Japan Yokohama, Japan Dec 21, 1997 703 days 1. def. Igor Zinoviev at UFC 16 on Mar 13, 1998 2. 2. def. Jeremy Horn at UFC 17 on May 15, 1998 3. 3. def. John Lober at UFC Brazil on Oct 16, 1998 4. 4. def. Tito Ortiz at UFC 22 on Sep 24, 1999 Shamrock vacated the title on November 24, 1999, when he retired from the UFC, citing a lack of competition.[1] 2 Tito Ortiz def. Wanderlei Silva UFC 25 Tokyo, Japan Apr 14, 2000 1,260 days 1. def. Yuki Kondo at UFC 29 on Dec 16, 2000 2. 2. def. Evan Tanner at UFC 30 on Feb 23, 2001 3. 3. def. Elvis Sinosic at UFC 32 on Jun 29, 2001 4. 4. def. Vladimir Matyushenko at UFC 33 on Sep 28, 2001 5. 5. def. Ken Shamrock at UFC 40 on Nov 22, 2002 — Randy Couture def. Chuck Liddell for interim title UFC 43 Las Vegas, NV, US Jun 6, 2003 — 3 Randy Couture UFC 44 Las Vegas, NV, US Sep 26, 2003 127 days 4 Vitor Belfort UFC 46 Las Vegas, NV, US Jan 31, 2004 203 days 5 Randy Couture (2) UFC 49 Las Vegas, NV, US Aug 21, 2004 238 days (365 days) 6 Chuck Liddell UFC 52 Las Vegas, NV, US Apr 16, 2005 770 days 1. def. Jeremy Horn at UFC 54 on Aug 20, 2005 2. 2. def. Randy Couture at UFC 57 on Feb 4, 2006 3. 3. def. Renato Sobral at UFC 62 on Aug 26, 2006 4. 4. def. Tito Ortiz at UFC 66 on Dec 30, 2006 7 Quinton Jackson UFC 71 Las Vegas, NV, US May 26, 2007 406 days 1. def. Dan Henderson at UFC 75 on Sep 8, 2007 8 Forrest Griffin UFC 86 Las Vegas, NV, US Jul 5, 2008 175 days 9 Rashad Evans UFC 92 Las Vegas, NV, US Dec 27, 2008 147 days 10 Lyoto Machida UFC 98 Las Vegas, NV, US May 23, 2009 350 days 1. def. Maurício Rua at UFC 104 on Oct 24, 2009 11 Maurício Rua UFC 113 Montreal, QC, Canada May 8, 2010 315 days 12 Jon Jones UFC 128 Newark, NJ, US Mar 19, 2011 1,501 days 1. def. Quinton Jackson at UFC 135 on Sep 24, 2011 2. 2. def. Lyoto Machida at UFC 140 on Dec 10, 2011 3. 3. def. Rashad Evans at UFC 145 on Apr 21, 2012 4. 4. def. Vitor Belfort at UFC 152 on Sep 22, 2012 5. 5. def. Chael Sonnen at UFC 159 on Apr 27, 2013 6. 6. def. Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 165 on Sep 21, 2013 7. 7. def. Glover Teixeira at UFC 172 on Apr 26, 2014 8. 8. def. Daniel Cormier at UFC 182 on Jan 3, 2015 Jones was stripped of the title on April 28, 2015, due to his involvement and arrest in a felony hit-and-run.[18] 13 Daniel Cormier def. Anthony Johnson UFC 187 Las Vegas, NV, US May 23, 2015 1,315 days 1. def. Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 192 on Oct 3, 2015 2. 2. def. Anthony Johnson at UFC 210 on Apr 8, 2017 3. 3. def. Volkan Oezdemir at UFC 220 on Jan 20, 2018 — Jon Jones def. Ovince Saint Preux for interim title UFC 197 Las Vegas, NV, US Apr 23, 2016 — Jones was stripped of the interim title on November 9, 2016, due to his one-year suspension related to a failed pre-fight drug test.[19] Jones won the undisputed title at UFC 214 on July 29, 2017, but was stripped on September 13, 2017, after his win was overturned to a no-contest due to a failed pre-fight drug test. Cormier was then retroactively reinstated as champion.[20] Cormier vacated the title on December 28, 2018, 174 days after winning the heavyweight title.[21] 14 Jon Jones (2) def. Alexander Gustafsson UFC 232 Inglewood, CA, US Dec 29, 2018 597 days (2,098 days) 1. def. Anthony Smith at UFC 235 on Mar 2, 2019 2. 2. def. Thiago Santos at UFC 239 on Jul 6, 2019 3. 3. def. Dominick Reyes at UFC 247 on Feb 8, 2020 Jones vacated the belt on August 17, 2020, citing issues with the UFC over salary negotiation and the desire to compete at heavyweight.[22][23] 15 Jan Błachowicz def. Dominick Reyes UFC 253 Abu Dhabi, UAE Sep 27, 2020 398 days 1. def. Israel Adesanya at UFC 259 on Mar 6, 2021 16 Glover Teixeira UFC 267 Abu Dhabi, UAE Oct 30, 2021 106 days (incumbent) Middleweight Championship Edit 171 to 185 lb (78 to 84 kg) The Pride World Welterweight Championship (183 lb) was unified with the UFC Middleweight Championship on March 1, 2008, when Anderson Silva defeated Dan Henderson at UFC 82.[24] No. Name Event Date Reign Defenses 1 Dave Menne def. Gil Castillo UFC 33 Las Vegas, NV, US Sep 28, 2001 105 days 2 Murilo Bustamante UFC 35 Las Vegas, NV, US Jan 11, 2002 267 days 1. def. Matt Lindland at UFC 37 on May 10, 2002 Bustamante was stripped of the title on October 5, 2002, when he left the UFC for Pride.[1] 3 Evan Tanner def. David Terrell UFC 51 Las Vegas, NV, US Feb 5, 2005 119 days 4 Rich Franklin UFC 53 Atlantic City, NJ, US Jun 4, 2005 497 days 1. def. Nate Quarry at UFC 56 on Nov 19, 2005 2. 2. def. David Loiseau at UFC 58 on Mar 4, 2006 5 Anderson Silva UFC 64 Las Vegas, NV, US Oct 14, 2006 2,457 days 1. def. Nate Marquardt at UFC 73 on Jul 7, 2007 2. 2. def. Rich Franklin at UFC 77 on Oct 20, 2007 3. 3. def. Dan Henderson at UFC 82 on Mar 1, 2008 4. 4. def. Patrick Côté at UFC 90 on Oct 25, 2008 5. 5. def. Thales Leites at UFC 97 on Apr 18, 2009 6. 6. def. Demian Maia at UFC 112 on Apr 10, 2010 7. 7. def. Chael Sonnen at UFC 117 on Aug 7, 2010 8. 8. def. Vitor Belfort at UFC 126 on Feb 5, 2011 9. 9. def. Yushin Okami at UFC 134 on Aug 27, 2011 10. 10. def. Chael Sonnen at UFC 148 on Jul 7, 2012 6 Chris Weidman UFC 162 Las Vegas, NV, US Jul 6, 2013 889 days 1. def. Anderson Silva at UFC 168 on Dec 28, 2013 2. 2. def. Lyoto Machida at UFC 175 on Jul 5, 2014 3. 3. def. Vitor Belfort at UFC 187 on May 23, 2015 7 Luke Rockhold UFC 194 Las Vegas, NV, US Dec 12, 2015 175 days 8 Michael Bisping UFC 199 Inglewood, CA, US Jun 4, 2016 518 days 1. def. Dan Henderson at UFC 204 on Oct 8, 2016 — Robert Whittaker def. Yoel Romero for interim title UFC 213 Las Vegas, NV, US Jul 8, 2017 — 9 Georges St-Pierre UFC 217 New York City, NY, US Nov 4, 2017 33 days St-Pierre vacated the title on December 7, 2017, due to ulcerative colitis.[25][26] 10 Robert Whittaker promoted to undisputed champion — Dec 7, 2017 660 days — Israel Adesanya def. Kelvin Gastelum for interim title UFC 236 Atlanta, GA, US Apr 13, 2019 — 11 Israel Adesanya UFC 243 Melbourne, Australia Oct 6, 2019 861 days (incumbent) 1. def. Yoel Romero at UFC 248 on Mar 7, 2020 2. 2. def. Paulo Costa at UFC 253 on Sep 27, 2020 3. 3. def. Marvin Vettori at UFC 263 on Jun 12, 2021 4. 4. def. Robert Whittaker at UFC 271 on Feb 12, 2022 Welterweight Championship Edit 156 to 170 lb (71 to 77 kg) The Welterweight Championship was known as the Lightweight Championship prior to UFC 31 (May 4, 2001). No. Name Event Date Reign (Total) Defenses 1 Pat Miletich def. Mikey Burnett UFC Brazil São Paulo, Brazil Oct 16, 1998 931 days 1. def. Jorge Patino at UFC 18 on Jan 8, 1999 2. 2. def. André Pederneiras at UFC 21 on Jul 16, 1999 3. 3. def. John Alessio at UFC 26 on Jun 9, 2000 4. 4. def. Kenichi Yamamoto at UFC 29 on Dec 16, 2000 2 Carlos Newton UFC 31 Atlantic City, NJ, US May 4, 2001 183 days 3 Matt Hughes UFC 34 Las Vegas, NV, US Nov 2, 2001 820 days 1. def. Hayato Sakurai at UFC 36 on Mar 22, 2002 2. 2. def. Carlos Newton at UFC 38 on Jul 13, 2002 3. 3. def. Gil Castillo at UFC 40 on Nov 22, 2002 4. 4. def. Sean Sherk at UFC 42 on Apr 25, 2003 5. 5. def. Frank Trigg at UFC 45 on Nov 21, 2003 4 B.J. Penn UFC 46 Las Vegas, NV, US Jan 31, 2004 107 days Penn was stripped of the title on May 17, 2004, when he left the UFC for K-1.[27] 5 Matt Hughes (2) def. Georges St-Pierre UFC 50 Atlantic City, NJ, US Oct 22, 2004 757 days (1,577 days) 1. def. Frank Trigg at UFC 52 on Apr 16, 2005 2. 2. def. B.J. Penn at UFC 63 on Sep 23, 2006 6 Georges St-Pierre UFC 65 Sacramento, CA, US Nov 18, 2006 140 days 7 Matt Serra UFC 69 Houston, TX, US Apr 7, 2007 378 days — Georges St-Pierre def. Matt Hughes for interim title UFC 79 Las Vegas, NV, US Dec 29, 2007 — 8 Georges St-Pierre (2) UFC 83 Montreal, QC, Canada Apr 19, 2008 2,064 days (2,204 days) 1. def. Jon Fitch at UFC 87 on Aug 9, 2008 2. 2. def. B.J. Penn at UFC 94 on Jan 31, 2009 3. 3. def. Thiago Alves at UFC 100 on Jul 11, 2009 4. 4. def. Dan Hardy at UFC 111 on Mar 27, 2010 5. 5. def. Josh Koscheck at UFC 124 on Dec 11, 2010 6. 6. def. Jake Shields at UFC 129 on Apr 30, 2011 7. 7. def. interim champion Carlos Condit at UFC 154 on Nov 17, 2012 8. 8. def. Nick Diaz at UFC 158 on Mar 16, 2013 9. 9. def. Johny Hendricks at UFC 167 on Nov 16, 2013 — Carlos Condit def. Nick Diaz for interim title UFC 143 Las Vegas, NV, US Feb 4, 2012 — St-Pierre vacated the title on December 13, 2013, when he decided to take time off.[28] 9 Johny Hendricks def. Robbie Lawler UFC 171 Dallas, TX, US Mar 15, 2014 266 days 10 Robbie Lawler UFC 181 Las Vegas, NV, US Dec 6, 2014 602 days 1. def. Rory MacDonald at UFC 189 on Jul 11, 2015 2. 2. def. Carlos Condit at UFC 195 on Jan 2, 2016 11 Tyron Woodley UFC 201 Atlanta, GA, US Jul 30, 2016 945 days 1. drew with Stephen Thompson at UFC 205 on Nov 12, 2016 2. 2. def. Stephen Thompson at UFC 209 on Mar 4, 2017 3. 3. def. Demian Maia at UFC 214 on Jul 29, 2017 4. 4. def. Darren Till at UFC 228 on Sep 8, 2018 — Colby Covington def. Rafael dos Anjos for interim title UFC 225 Chicago, IL, US Jun 9, 2018 — Covington was stripped of the interim title on September 8, 2018, due to injury.[29] 12 Kamaru Usman UFC 235 Las Vegas, NV, US Mar 2, 2019 1079 days (incumbent) 1. def. Colby Covington at UFC 245 on Dec 14, 2019 2. 2. def. Jorge Masvidal at UFC 251 on Jul 12, 2020 3. 3. def. Gilbert Burns at UFC 258 on Feb 13, 2021 4. 4. def. Jorge Masvidal at UFC 261 on Apr 24, 2021 5. 5. def. Colby Covington at UFC 268 on Nov 6, 2021 Lightweight Championship Edit 146 to 155 lb (66 to 70 kg) The Lightweight Championship was known as the Bantamweight Championship prior to UFC 31 (May 4, 2001). The Strikeforce Lightweight Championship was unified (perhaps unofficially) with the UFC Lightweight Championship on April 20, 2013, when Benson Henderson defeated Gilbert Melendez at UFC on Fox: Henderson vs. Melendez.[30] No. Name Event Date Reign (Total) Defenses 1 Jens Pulver def. Caol Uno UFC 30 Atlantic City, NJ, US Feb 23, 2001 393 days 1. def. Dennis Hallman at UFC 33 on Sep 28, 2001 2. 2. def. B.J. Penn at UFC 35 on Jan 11, 2002 Pulver was stripped of the title on March 23, 2002, when he left the UFC due to a contract dispute.[1] B.J. Penn and Caol Uno fought to a draw on February 28, 2003, at UFC 41 in Atlantic City, NJ, US in the finale of a four-man tournament for the vacant title.[1] 2 Sean Sherk def. Kenny Florian UFC 64 Las Vegas, NV, US Oct 14, 2006 420 days 1. def. Hermes França at UFC 73 on Jul 7, 2007 Sherk was stripped of the title on December 8, 2007, after testing positive for anabolic steroids in a post-fight drug test.[31] 3 B.J. Penn def. Joe Stevenson UFC 80 Newcastle, England, UK Jan 19, 2008 812 days 1. def. Sean Sherk at UFC 84 on May 24, 2008 2. 2. def. Kenny Florian at UFC 101 on Aug 8, 2009 3. 3. def. Diego Sanchez at UFC 107 on Dec 12, 2009 4 Frankie Edgar UFC 112 Abu Dhabi, UAE Apr 10, 2010 687 days 1. def. B.J. Penn at UFC 118 on Aug 28, 2010 2. 2. drew with Gray Maynard at UFC 125 on Jan 1, 2011 3. 3. def. Gray Maynard at UFC 136 on Oct 8, 2011 5 Benson Henderson UFC 144 Saitama, Japan Feb 26, 2012 552 days 1. def. Frankie Edgar at UFC 150 on Aug 11, 2012 2. 2. def. Nate Diaz at UFC on Fox: Henderson vs. Diaz on Dec 8, 2012 3. 3. def. Gilbert Melendez at UFC on Fox: Henderson vs. Melendez on Apr 20, 2013 6 Anthony Pettis UFC 164 Milw

It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine President Joe Biden told Russia’s Vladimir Putin that invading Ukraine would cause “widespread human suffering” and that the West was committed to diplomacy to end the crisis. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine Caught on hot mic: US president Joe Biden throws expletive at scribe, apologises later but White House lets it slide A reporter had asked Biden whether inflation is a political liability when the gaffe happened. ADVERTISEMENT Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden begin high-stakes phone call on Ukraine crisis A State Department travel advisory on Saturday said most American staff at the Kyiv embassy have been ordered to leave and other U.S. citizens should depart the country immediately as well. 'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House The White House said Monday the "path for diplomacy" with Russia remains open, but warned anew, "we are in the window when an invasion could begin at any time." White House deputy press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said new Russian forces have been arriving at the border with Ukraine "every day," adding, "it remains unclear" which path Russian President Vladimir Putin will take.'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba on Sunday called on Russia to hold a meeting within the next 48 hours to discuss Moscow's military buildup along its borders. Biden in a roughly hour-long call with Zelensky assured of US help to Ukraine any further Russian aggression, according to a White House readout. The call came amid US warnings that a Russian invasion of Ukraine could happen as soon as this week.Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment President Joe Biden said he had a "very, very, very good meeting" Monday with European allies on the Russian military buildup and potential responses to an invasion. Speaking in the White House East Room, Biden there is "total unanimity with all the European leaders" about next steps. The president made the comments during a meeting with his Competition Council, aimed at promoting economic competition and reducing prices for American consumers.Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment US: No 'cause for optimism' after Biden-Putin talks on Ukraine Pentagon spokesman John Kirby offered a grim assessment of the one-hour phone conversation Saturday between US President Joe Biden and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin. Biden and Ukraine's Zelenskiy to discuss security on Sunday Sergii Nykyforov said on Facebook the two leaders "would discuss the security situation and ongoing diplomatic de-escalation efforts". US, Japan, South Korea meet in Hawaii to discuss threat posed by North Korea's nuclear missile test The Security Council initially imposed sanctions on North Korea after its first nuclear test in 2006. It made them tougher in response to further nuclear tests and the country's increasingly sophisticated nuclear and ballistic missile programs. China and Russia, citing the North's economic difficulties, have called for lifting sanctions like those banning seafood exports and prohibitions on its citizens working overseas and sending home their earnings. 5 things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Russia has amassed an estimated 100,000 troops along its border with Ukraine over the past several months. The U.S. has responded by sending several thousand troops to two of Ukraine's neighboring countries: Poland and Romania. Severe consequences for Russia if it were to move into Ukraine: Joe Biden "I have made it clear early on to President (Vladimir) Putin that if he were to move into Ukraine, there would be severe consequences, including significant economic sanctions, as well as I would feel obliged to beef up our presence -- NATO's presence on the eastern front: Poland, Romania etc.," Biden told reporters. US' Indo-Pacific paper says India strong partner The strategy cites the "mounting challenges" posed by the rise of China as a key driver of the "intensifying American focus" in the Indo-Pacific, with "a strong India" as a partner in a regional vision. U.S. moves to free $3.5 billion in frozen Afghan assets to aid Afghanistan's people The multi-step plan calls for the other half of the funds to remain in the United States, subject to ongoing litigation by U.S. victims of terrorism, including relatives of those who died in the Sept. 11, 2001, hijacking attacks, the sources said. President Joe Biden has long been preparing for a Supreme Court pick Biden said as a presidential candidate that if he were given the chance to nominate someone to the court, he would make history by choosing a Black woman. And word on Wednesday that Justice Stephen Breyer plans to retire should give Biden that opportunity. Everyone wants to manufacture semiconductors. Now, EU rolls out billion dollar plan The EU move mirrors U.S. President Joe Biden's $52 billion push to invest in a national chip-producing sector to make sure more production occurs in the United States. Angelina Jolie urges US lawmakers to pass domestic violence law, says normalising abuse at home is the 'ugly truth' The star has accused her ex-husband, Brad Pitt, of intentionally hitting their son Maddox. After months of complaint by Elon Musk, Biden acknowledges Tesla "From iconic companies like GM and Ford building out new electric vehicle production to Tesla, our nation's largest electric vehicle manufacturer, to innovative younger companies," Biden said, adding other startups and saying manufacturing is coming "back to America after decades." Joe Biden to meet Qatar leader as energy worries loom in Europe Qatar is one of the world's larger suppliers of liquefied natural gas and is among countries that the US is hoping could aid Europe should a Russian invasion of Ukraine lead to Moscow stemming the flow of energy. Biden's pandemic fight: Inside the setbacks of the first year Vaccines had been the core of President Joe Biden's pandemic strategy from the moment he took office. But as Walensky was briefed about a cluster of breakthrough cases in Provincetown, Massachusetts, the reality sank in. The delta variant, which had ravaged other parts of the world, was taking hold in the United States. And being vaccinated would not, it turned out, prevent people from becoming infected with the variant or transmitting it. Biden threatens: No gas pipeline if Russia invades Ukraine Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron met for more than five hours in Moscow at the same time Biden and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz spoke at the White House in efforts to defuse the crisis before armed conflict breaks out. Russia has massed thousands of troops at the Ukraine border, adding military might almost daily. Joe Biden comforts victims of Colorado wildfire Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US President Joe Biden said Sunday he would not speculate on further steps his administration is willing to take amid ongoing tensions with Russia over Ukraine. As he returned to the White House, Biden told reporters Russian President Vladimir Putin was seeking "things he cannot get" from ongoing diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis.Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US president Joe Biden sending more troops to Europe amid Ukraine tension Fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine have mounted in recent months, after Putin deployed more than 100,000 troops to areas near Ukraine's borders, including in neighbouring Belarus, backed by tanks, artillery, helicopters and warplanes. US Covid related death toll passes grim milestone due to Omicron surge President Biden's approval rating hits new low at one year mark, according to AP-NORC poll The latest poll shows that Americans' confidence in Biden's handling of the pandemic - seen as a strength early in his administration - has further eroded as the omicron variant strains the health care system and further exhausts an American electorate that had hoped life would be back to a semblance of normalcy by now. Biden says 'not there yet' on lifting China tariffs "I'd like to be in a position where I can say they're meeting the commitments, more of their commitments and be able to lift some of it," Biden said. President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Seeking to clarify his comments a day earlier that a “minor incursion” by Russia would elicit a lesser response, President Joe Biden warned Russian President Vladimir Putin he will pay "a heavy price" for any aggressive action toward Ukraine. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Explainer: Why Europe lacks voice, power in Ukraine crisis Scarred by losing tens of millions of lives on their soil in two world wars, many European Union nations have been wary ever since about military spending. Now, as Russian pressure builds at the Ukrainian border, they face a painful reality: Europe remains heavily reliant on U.S. might to deter another potentially big conflict on its turf. Indian-American body urges Biden to reject appointment of Masood Khan as Pak envoy to US A top Indian diaspora group has urged US President Joe Biden to reject the appointment of Masood Khan as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States, alleging that the diplomat is a sympathiser and supporter of terrorist groups. Fed nominees say inflation is 'grave threat,' vow to fight "Our most important task is tackling inflation," Michigan State University economics professor Lisa Cook, one of three Fed nominees up for a confirmation hearing at the U.S. Senate on Thursday, said in her prepared remarks. US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House The White House announced Wednesday President Joe Biden is ordering 2,000 U.S.-based troops to Poland and Germany and shifting 1,000 more from Germany to Romania, demonstrating to both allies and foes America's commitment to NATO's eastern flank amid fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine.US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House Congressman urges Biden to reject Pak's ambassador-designate; terms him ‘terrorist sympathiser' Khan, who has previously served as the “president” of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) until August last year, was nominated as Pakistan's ambassador to the US in November. View: One year of Joe Biden On the plus side, the US rejoined the Paris climate accord and the World Health Organisation (WHO), extended the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) with Russia for five years, led the effort to institute a global minimum tax on corporations, re-engaged allies and partners, held the first Quad summit and persuaded the EU to put the China trade deal on ice. Joe Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin Biden faces a complicated and globally more dangerous task: keeping the West unified as it faces what White House officials say is an increasingly likely further invasion of Ukrainian territory. President Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron President Joe Biden announced Thursday the government will distribute 1 billion rapid, at-home COVID-19 tests free to Americans, along with the most protective N95 masks, as the White House looks to fight the spike in coronavirus casesPresident Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron US president Joe Biden answers inflation query by calling Fox reporter SOB His comments were captured on video and by the microphone in front of him. Doocy laughed it off in a subsequent appearance on his network, joking, "Nobody has fact-checked him yet and said it's not true." Meet Willow, the newest addition to the Biden family The green-eyed canine joins long and varied line of White House pets. Russia's risky options following Ukraine attack Russia, which is seeking a pledge that NATO won't expand to include Ukraine, has options it could pursue short of a full-blown invasion, and other ways to lash out at the U.S. and its allies. All of them carry varying degrees of risk, to Russia and the world. France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia have agreed to sit down for talks in two weeks, an effort aimed at reviving a 2015 agreement to ease the conflict in eastern Ukraine. Some fear this complicates efforts by the U.S. and NATO to show a united front against Russia. President Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' President Biden visited a bridge that collapsed in Pittsburgh just hours before his visit to deliver remarks on infrastructure. The president pledged to rebuild it and fix other bridges across the countryPresident Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' Joe Biden administration to scrap Trump plan for wider Alaska oil drilling Official notice of the change will come in a notice to be filed on Monday in federal court in Alaska, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), a division of Department of the Interior, said in a statement. U.S. economy likely regained steam in Q4, 2021 growth seen best in 37 years U.S. economic growth likely accelerated in the fourth quarter as businesses replenished depleted inventories to meet strong demand for goods, helping the nation to log its best performance in nearly four decades in 2021. North Korea fires two suspected missiles in 6th launch in 2022 North Korea has upped its testing activity recently in an apparent effort to pressure the Joe Biden administration in the US amid long-stalled nuclear talks. US delivers written response to Russia's security demands Washington has made clear that Russian demands for NATO to pull back troops and weapons from eastern Europe and bar Ukraine from ever joining are non-starters. It says it is ready to discuss other topics such as arms control and confidence-building measures. Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin President Joe Biden's effort to rally support, both at home and abroad, ahead of a potential Russian invasion of Ukraine is just the latest big test of his ability to bridge ideological gaps and balance competing interests to build effective coalitions. U.S. companies push Biden, Congress for caution on Russia sanctions A trade group representing Chevron, General Electric and other big U.S. corporations that do business in Russia is asking the White House to consider allowing companies to fulfill commitments and to weigh exempting products as it crafts any sanctions. At the same time, big energy companies are pushing Congress to limit their scope and time frame. Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensions Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensionsWith the West already accusing Moscow of massing more than 100,000 soldiers on the Ukrainian border, the Russian military said it had launched drills involving 6,000 troops in the south and in the Crimean peninsula annexed by Moscow in 2014. 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: USThe U.S. State department said if Russia invades Ukraine, it would be met by a response that's not only "swift, severe and united," but also "unprecedented in its approach." Earlier, President Joe Biden told reporters that Russian President Vladimir Putin “continues to build forces along Ukraine’s border,” and an attack “would be the largest invasion since World War II. It would change the world.”'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be needed Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be neededA COVID-19 vaccine specifically targeting the Omicron variant would be "prudent" even if it ultimately may not be needed, the top U.S. infectious disease official said on Tuesday as Pfizer Inc and BioNTech SE announced such a clinical trial. US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflationPresident Joe Biden called on the Federal Reserve to do more to fight inflation by pulling back on its monetary boosting of the US economy.US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worry US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worryPutting the U.S.-based troops on heightened alert for Europe suggested diminishing hope that Russian President Vladimir Putin will back away from what Biden himself has said looks like a threat to invade neighboring Ukraine. Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022 Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022From Europe to the U.S. and China, production and transportation have stayed bogged down in the early days of 2022 by labor and parts shortages, in part because of the fast-spreading omicron variant. White House to hold second Competition Council meet White House to hold second Competition Council meetThe White House did not confirm the meeting would take place but said President Joe Biden would meet on Monday "with members of his administration on efforts to lower prices for working families." Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine

The dog or domestic dog (Canis familiaris[4][5]) is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Synonyms[3] List C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenovae C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terrarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. turcicus Gmelin, 1792 C. urcani C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. variegatus Gmelin, 1792 C. venaticus Gmelin, 1792 C. vertegus Gmelin, 1792 Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Evolution Biology Behavior Ecology Roles with humans Terminology See also References Bibliography External links Last edited 1 day ago by BronaldBrump101 Wikipedia Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Privacy policy Terms of UseDesktop 0 COMMENTS Add a comment... 0/2000 COMMENT 9s Dog dancing on beat with full mood AnimalWildTrainer 56s Dog dancing with a hula hoop THE SCENES AND MOTIVATIONAL PHRASES OF THE FILMS 1m51s Fun with the dancing dog VideosLegais 16s DANCING WITH THE DOG Chagas6970 17s Dog Dancing with music Funny Dog and cat videos 1m10s DOG Dancing WITH MUSIC King0000 11s Cute dog dancing on the beat Edisonaraujo 9s Cute Dog Dancing with Eating rak2811 29s Dog with Dancing ☺️😅..😀🤣 Ranjikuber 13s Dog dancing with two strangers and shocked !!! BKTech

The dog or domestic dog (Canis familiaris[4][5]) is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Synonyms[3] List C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenovae C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terrarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. turcicus Gmelin, 1792 C. urcani C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. variegatus Gmelin, 1792 C. venaticus Gmelin, 1792 C. vertegus Gmelin, 1792 Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Evolution Biology Behavior Ecology Roles with humans Terminology See also References Bibliography External links Last edited 1 day ago by BronaldBrump101 Wikipedia Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Privacy policy Terms of UseDesktop 0 COMMENTS Add a comment... 0/2000 COMMENT 9s Dog dancing on beat with full mood AnimalWildTrainer 56s Dog dancing with a hula hoop THE SCENES AND MOTIVATIONAL PHRASES OF THE FILMS 1m51s Fun with the dancing dog VideosLegais 16s DANCING WITH THE DOG Chagas6970 17s Dog Dancing with music Funny Dog and cat videos 1m10s DOG Dancing WITH MUSIC King0000 11s Cute dog dancing on the beat Edisonaraujo 9s Cute Dog Dancing with Eating rak2811 29s Dog with Dancing ☺️😅..😀🤣 Ranjikuber 13s Dog dancing with two strangers and shocked !!! BKTech

It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine President Joe Biden told Russia’s Vladimir Putin that invading Ukraine would cause “widespread human suffering” and that the West was committed to diplomacy to end the crisis. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine Caught on hot mic: US president Joe Biden throws expletive at scribe, apologises later but White House lets it slide A reporter had asked Biden whether inflation is a political liability when the gaffe happened. ADVERTISEMENT Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden begin high-stakes phone call on Ukraine crisis A State Department travel advisory on Saturday said most American staff at the Kyiv embassy have been ordered to leave and other U.S. citizens should depart the country immediately as well. 'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House The White House said Monday the "path for diplomacy" with Russia remains open, but warned anew, "we are in the window when an invasion could begin at any time." White House deputy press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said new Russian forces have been arriving at the border with Ukraine "every day," adding, "it remains unclear" which path Russian President Vladimir Putin will take.'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba on Sunday called on Russia to hold a meeting within the next 48 hours to discuss Moscow's military buildup along its borders. Biden in a roughly hour-long call with Zelensky assured of US help to Ukraine any further Russian aggression, according to a White House readout. The call came amid US warnings that a Russian invasion of Ukraine could happen as soon as this week.Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment President Joe Biden said he had a "very, very, very good meeting" Monday with European allies on the Russian military buildup and potential responses to an invasion. Speaking in the White House East Room, Biden there is "total unanimity with all the European leaders" about next steps. The president made the comments during a meeting with his Competition Council, aimed at promoting economic competition and reducing prices for American consumers.Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment US: No 'cause for optimism' after Biden-Putin talks on Ukraine Pentagon spokesman John Kirby offered a grim assessment of the one-hour phone conversation Saturday between US President Joe Biden and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin. Biden and Ukraine's Zelenskiy to discuss security on Sunday Sergii Nykyforov said on Facebook the two leaders "would discuss the security situation and ongoing diplomatic de-escalation efforts". US, Japan, South Korea meet in Hawaii to discuss threat posed by North Korea's nuclear missile test The Security Council initially imposed sanctions on North Korea after its first nuclear test in 2006. It made them tougher in response to further nuclear tests and the country's increasingly sophisticated nuclear and ballistic missile programs. China and Russia, citing the North's economic difficulties, have called for lifting sanctions like those banning seafood exports and prohibitions on its citizens working overseas and sending home their earnings. 5 things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Russia has amassed an estimated 100,000 troops along its border with Ukraine over the past several months. The U.S. has responded by sending several thousand troops to two of Ukraine's neighboring countries: Poland and Romania. Severe consequences for Russia if it were to move into Ukraine: Joe Biden "I have made it clear early on to President (Vladimir) Putin that if he were to move into Ukraine, there would be severe consequences, including significant economic sanctions, as well as I would feel obliged to beef up our presence -- NATO's presence on the eastern front: Poland, Romania etc.," Biden told reporters. US' Indo-Pacific paper says India strong partner The strategy cites the "mounting challenges" posed by the rise of China as a key driver of the "intensifying American focus" in the Indo-Pacific, with "a strong India" as a partner in a regional vision. U.S. moves to free $3.5 billion in frozen Afghan assets to aid Afghanistan's people The multi-step plan calls for the other half of the funds to remain in the United States, subject to ongoing litigation by U.S. victims of terrorism, including relatives of those who died in the Sept. 11, 2001, hijacking attacks, the sources said. President Joe Biden has long been preparing for a Supreme Court pick Biden said as a presidential candidate that if he were given the chance to nominate someone to the court, he would make history by choosing a Black woman. And word on Wednesday that Justice Stephen Breyer plans to retire should give Biden that opportunity. Everyone wants to manufacture semiconductors. Now, EU rolls out billion dollar plan The EU move mirrors U.S. President Joe Biden's $52 billion push to invest in a national chip-producing sector to make sure more production occurs in the United States. Angelina Jolie urges US lawmakers to pass domestic violence law, says normalising abuse at home is the 'ugly truth' The star has accused her ex-husband, Brad Pitt, of intentionally hitting their son Maddox. After months of complaint by Elon Musk, Biden acknowledges Tesla "From iconic companies like GM and Ford building out new electric vehicle production to Tesla, our nation's largest electric vehicle manufacturer, to innovative younger companies," Biden said, adding other startups and saying manufacturing is coming "back to America after decades." Joe Biden to meet Qatar leader as energy worries loom in Europe Qatar is one of the world's larger suppliers of liquefied natural gas and is among countries that the US is hoping could aid Europe should a Russian invasion of Ukraine lead to Moscow stemming the flow of energy. Biden's pandemic fight: Inside the setbacks of the first year Vaccines had been the core of President Joe Biden's pandemic strategy from the moment he took office. But as Walensky was briefed about a cluster of breakthrough cases in Provincetown, Massachusetts, the reality sank in. The delta variant, which had ravaged other parts of the world, was taking hold in the United States. And being vaccinated would not, it turned out, prevent people from becoming infected with the variant or transmitting it. Biden threatens: No gas pipeline if Russia invades Ukraine Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron met for more than five hours in Moscow at the same time Biden and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz spoke at the White House in efforts to defuse the crisis before armed conflict breaks out. Russia has massed thousands of troops at the Ukraine border, adding military might almost daily. Joe Biden comforts victims of Colorado wildfire Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US President Joe Biden said Sunday he would not speculate on further steps his administration is willing to take amid ongoing tensions with Russia over Ukraine. As he returned to the White House, Biden told reporters Russian President Vladimir Putin was seeking "things he cannot get" from ongoing diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis.Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US president Joe Biden sending more troops to Europe amid Ukraine tension Fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine have mounted in recent months, after Putin deployed more than 100,000 troops to areas near Ukraine's borders, including in neighbouring Belarus, backed by tanks, artillery, helicopters and warplanes. US Covid related death toll passes grim milestone due to Omicron surge President Biden's approval rating hits new low at one year mark, according to AP-NORC poll The latest poll shows that Americans' confidence in Biden's handling of the pandemic - seen as a strength early in his administration - has further eroded as the omicron variant strains the health care system and further exhausts an American electorate that had hoped life would be back to a semblance of normalcy by now. Biden says 'not there yet' on lifting China tariffs "I'd like to be in a position where I can say they're meeting the commitments, more of their commitments and be able to lift some of it," Biden said. President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Seeking to clarify his comments a day earlier that a “minor incursion” by Russia would elicit a lesser response, President Joe Biden warned Russian President Vladimir Putin he will pay "a heavy price" for any aggressive action toward Ukraine. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Explainer: Why Europe lacks voice, power in Ukraine crisis Scarred by losing tens of millions of lives on their soil in two world wars, many European Union nations have been wary ever since about military spending. Now, as Russian pressure builds at the Ukrainian border, they face a painful reality: Europe remains heavily reliant on U.S. might to deter another potentially big conflict on its turf. Indian-American body urges Biden to reject appointment of Masood Khan as Pak envoy to US A top Indian diaspora group has urged US President Joe Biden to reject the appointment of Masood Khan as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States, alleging that the diplomat is a sympathiser and supporter of terrorist groups. Fed nominees say inflation is 'grave threat,' vow to fight "Our most important task is tackling inflation," Michigan State University economics professor Lisa Cook, one of three Fed nominees up for a confirmation hearing at the U.S. Senate on Thursday, said in her prepared remarks. US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House The White House announced Wednesday President Joe Biden is ordering 2,000 U.S.-based troops to Poland and Germany and shifting 1,000 more from Germany to Romania, demonstrating to both allies and foes America's commitment to NATO's eastern flank amid fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine.US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House Congressman urges Biden to reject Pak's ambassador-designate; terms him ‘terrorist sympathiser' Khan, who has previously served as the “president” of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) until August last year, was nominated as Pakistan's ambassador to the US in November. View: One year of Joe Biden On the plus side, the US rejoined the Paris climate accord and the World Health Organisation (WHO), extended the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) with Russia for five years, led the effort to institute a global minimum tax on corporations, re-engaged allies and partners, held the first Quad summit and persuaded the EU to put the China trade deal on ice. Joe Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin Biden faces a complicated and globally more dangerous task: keeping the West unified as it faces what White House officials say is an increasingly likely further invasion of Ukrainian territory. President Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron President Joe Biden announced Thursday the government will distribute 1 billion rapid, at-home COVID-19 tests free to Americans, along with the most protective N95 masks, as the White House looks to fight the spike in coronavirus casesPresident Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron US president Joe Biden answers inflation query by calling Fox reporter SOB His comments were captured on video and by the microphone in front of him. Doocy laughed it off in a subsequent appearance on his network, joking, "Nobody has fact-checked him yet and said it's not true." Meet Willow, the newest addition to the Biden family The green-eyed canine joins long and varied line of White House pets. Russia's risky options following Ukraine attack Russia, which is seeking a pledge that NATO won't expand to include Ukraine, has options it could pursue short of a full-blown invasion, and other ways to lash out at the U.S. and its allies. All of them carry varying degrees of risk, to Russia and the world. France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia have agreed to sit down for talks in two weeks, an effort aimed at reviving a 2015 agreement to ease the conflict in eastern Ukraine. Some fear this complicates efforts by the U.S. and NATO to show a united front against Russia. President Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' President Biden visited a bridge that collapsed in Pittsburgh just hours before his visit to deliver remarks on infrastructure. The president pledged to rebuild it and fix other bridges across the countryPresident Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' Joe Biden administration to scrap Trump plan for wider Alaska oil drilling Official notice of the change will come in a notice to be filed on Monday in federal court in Alaska, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), a division of Department of the Interior, said in a statement. U.S. economy likely regained steam in Q4, 2021 growth seen best in 37 years U.S. economic growth likely accelerated in the fourth quarter as businesses replenished depleted inventories to meet strong demand for goods, helping the nation to log its best performance in nearly four decades in 2021. North Korea fires two suspected missiles in 6th launch in 2022 North Korea has upped its testing activity recently in an apparent effort to pressure the Joe Biden administration in the US amid long-stalled nuclear talks. US delivers written response to Russia's security demands Washington has made clear that Russian demands for NATO to pull back troops and weapons from eastern Europe and bar Ukraine from ever joining are non-starters. It says it is ready to discuss other topics such as arms control and confidence-building measures. Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin President Joe Biden's effort to rally support, both at home and abroad, ahead of a potential Russian invasion of Ukraine is just the latest big test of his ability to bridge ideological gaps and balance competing interests to build effective coalitions. U.S. companies push Biden, Congress for caution on Russia sanctions A trade group representing Chevron, General Electric and other big U.S. corporations that do business in Russia is asking the White House to consider allowing companies to fulfill commitments and to weigh exempting products as it crafts any sanctions. At the same time, big energy companies are pushing Congress to limit their scope and time frame. Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensions Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensionsWith the West already accusing Moscow of massing more than 100,000 soldiers on the Ukrainian border, the Russian military said it had launched drills involving 6,000 troops in the south and in the Crimean peninsula annexed by Moscow in 2014. 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: USThe U.S. State department said if Russia invades Ukraine, it would be met by a response that's not only "swift, severe and united," but also "unprecedented in its approach." Earlier, President Joe Biden told reporters that Russian President Vladimir Putin “continues to build forces along Ukraine’s border,” and an attack “would be the largest invasion since World War II. It would change the world.”'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be needed Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be neededA COVID-19 vaccine specifically targeting the Omicron variant would be "prudent" even if it ultimately may not be needed, the top U.S. infectious disease official said on Tuesday as Pfizer Inc and BioNTech SE announced such a clinical trial. US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflationPresident Joe Biden called on the Federal Reserve to do more to fight inflation by pulling back on its monetary boosting of the US economy.US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worry US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worryPutting the U.S.-based troops on heightened alert for Europe suggested diminishing hope that Russian President Vladimir Putin will back away from what Biden himself has said looks like a threat to invade neighboring Ukraine. Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022 Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022From Europe to the U.S. and China, production and transportation have stayed bogged down in the early days of 2022 by labor and parts shortages, in part because of the fast-spreading omicron variant. White House to hold second Competition Council meet White House to hold second Competition Council meetThe White House did not confirm the meeting would take place but said President Joe Biden would meet on Monday "with members of his administration on efforts to lower prices for working families." Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine

It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine President Joe Biden told Russia’s Vladimir Putin that invading Ukraine would cause “widespread human suffering” and that the West was committed to diplomacy to end the crisis. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine Caught on hot mic: US president Joe Biden throws expletive at scribe, apologises later but White House lets it slide A reporter had asked Biden whether inflation is a political liability when the gaffe happened. ADVERTISEMENT Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden begin high-stakes phone call on Ukraine crisis A State Department travel advisory on Saturday said most American staff at the Kyiv embassy have been ordered to leave and other U.S. citizens should depart the country immediately as well. 'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House The White House said Monday the "path for diplomacy" with Russia remains open, but warned anew, "we are in the window when an invasion could begin at any time." White House deputy press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said new Russian forces have been arriving at the border with Ukraine "every day," adding, "it remains unclear" which path Russian President Vladimir Putin will take.'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba on Sunday called on Russia to hold a meeting within the next 48 hours to discuss Moscow's military buildup along its borders. Biden in a roughly hour-long call with Zelensky assured of US help to Ukraine any further Russian aggression, according to a White House readout. The call came amid US warnings that a Russian invasion of Ukraine could happen as soon as this week.Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment President Joe Biden said he had a "very, very, very good meeting" Monday with European allies on the Russian military buildup and potential responses to an invasion. Speaking in the White House East Room, Biden there is "total unanimity with all the European leaders" about next steps. The president made the comments during a meeting with his Competition Council, aimed at promoting economic competition and reducing prices for American consumers.Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment US: No 'cause for optimism' after Biden-Putin talks on Ukraine Pentagon spokesman John Kirby offered a grim assessment of the one-hour phone conversation Saturday between US President Joe Biden and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin. Biden and Ukraine's Zelenskiy to discuss security on Sunday Sergii Nykyforov said on Facebook the two leaders "would discuss the security situation and ongoing diplomatic de-escalation efforts". US, Japan, South Korea meet in Hawaii to discuss threat posed by North Korea's nuclear missile test The Security Council initially imposed sanctions on North Korea after its first nuclear test in 2006. It made them tougher in response to further nuclear tests and the country's increasingly sophisticated nuclear and ballistic missile programs. China and Russia, citing the North's economic difficulties, have called for lifting sanctions like those banning seafood exports and prohibitions on its citizens working overseas and sending home their earnings. 5 things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Russia has amassed an estimated 100,000 troops along its border with Ukraine over the past several months. The U.S. has responded by sending several thousand troops to two of Ukraine's neighboring countries: Poland and Romania. Severe consequences for Russia if it were to move into Ukraine: Joe Biden "I have made it clear early on to President (Vladimir) Putin that if he were to move into Ukraine, there would be severe consequences, including significant economic sanctions, as well as I would feel obliged to beef up our presence -- NATO's presence on the eastern front: Poland, Romania etc.," Biden told reporters. US' Indo-Pacific paper says India strong partner The strategy cites the "mounting challenges" posed by the rise of China as a key driver of the "intensifying American focus" in the Indo-Pacific, with "a strong India" as a partner in a regional vision. U.S. moves to free $3.5 billion in frozen Afghan assets to aid Afghanistan's people The multi-step plan calls for the other half of the funds to remain in the United States, subject to ongoing litigation by U.S. victims of terrorism, including relatives of those who died in the Sept. 11, 2001, hijacking attacks, the sources said. President Joe Biden has long been preparing for a Supreme Court pick Biden said as a presidential candidate that if he were given the chance to nominate someone to the court, he would make history by choosing a Black woman. And word on Wednesday that Justice Stephen Breyer plans to retire should give Biden that opportunity. Everyone wants to manufacture semiconductors. Now, EU rolls out billion dollar plan The EU move mirrors U.S. President Joe Biden's $52 billion push to invest in a national chip-producing sector to make sure more production occurs in the United States. Angelina Jolie urges US lawmakers to pass domestic violence law, says normalising abuse at home is the 'ugly truth' The star has accused her ex-husband, Brad Pitt, of intentionally hitting their son Maddox. After months of complaint by Elon Musk, Biden acknowledges Tesla "From iconic companies like GM and Ford building out new electric vehicle production to Tesla, our nation's largest electric vehicle manufacturer, to innovative younger companies," Biden said, adding other startups and saying manufacturing is coming "back to America after decades." Joe Biden to meet Qatar leader as energy worries loom in Europe Qatar is one of the world's larger suppliers of liquefied natural gas and is among countries that the US is hoping could aid Europe should a Russian invasion of Ukraine lead to Moscow stemming the flow of energy. Biden's pandemic fight: Inside the setbacks of the first year Vaccines had been the core of President Joe Biden's pandemic strategy from the moment he took office. But as Walensky was briefed about a cluster of breakthrough cases in Provincetown, Massachusetts, the reality sank in. The delta variant, which had ravaged other parts of the world, was taking hold in the United States. And being vaccinated would not, it turned out, prevent people from becoming infected with the variant or transmitting it. Biden threatens: No gas pipeline if Russia invades Ukraine Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron met for more than five hours in Moscow at the same time Biden and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz spoke at the White House in efforts to defuse the crisis before armed conflict breaks out. Russia has massed thousands of troops at the Ukraine border, adding military might almost daily. Joe Biden comforts victims of Colorado wildfire Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US President Joe Biden said Sunday he would not speculate on further steps his administration is willing to take amid ongoing tensions with Russia over Ukraine. As he returned to the White House, Biden told reporters Russian President Vladimir Putin was seeking "things he cannot get" from ongoing diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis.Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US president Joe Biden sending more troops to Europe amid Ukraine tension Fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine have mounted in recent months, after Putin deployed more than 100,000 troops to areas near Ukraine's borders, including in neighbouring Belarus, backed by tanks, artillery, helicopters and warplanes. US Covid related death toll passes grim milestone due to Omicron surge President Biden's approval rating hits new low at one year mark, according to AP-NORC poll The latest poll shows that Americans' confidence in Biden's handling of the pandemic - seen as a strength early in his administration - has further eroded as the omicron variant strains the health care system and further exhausts an American electorate that had hoped life would be back to a semblance of normalcy by now. Biden says 'not there yet' on lifting China tariffs "I'd like to be in a position where I can say they're meeting the commitments, more of their commitments and be able to lift some of it," Biden said. President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Seeking to clarify his comments a day earlier that a “minor incursion” by Russia would elicit a lesser response, President Joe Biden warned Russian President Vladimir Putin he will pay "a heavy price" for any aggressive action toward Ukraine. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Explainer: Why Europe lacks voice, power in Ukraine crisis Scarred by losing tens of millions of lives on their soil in two world wars, many European Union nations have been wary ever since about military spending. Now, as Russian pressure builds at the Ukrainian border, they face a painful reality: Europe remains heavily reliant on U.S. might to deter another potentially big conflict on its turf. Indian-American body urges Biden to reject appointment of Masood Khan as Pak envoy to US A top Indian diaspora group has urged US President Joe Biden to reject the appointment of Masood Khan as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States, alleging that the diplomat is a sympathiser and supporter of terrorist groups. Fed nominees say inflation is 'grave threat,' vow to fight "Our most important task is tackling inflation," Michigan State University economics professor Lisa Cook, one of three Fed nominees up for a confirmation hearing at the U.S. Senate on Thursday, said in her prepared remarks. US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House The White House announced Wednesday President Joe Biden is ordering 2,000 U.S.-based troops to Poland and Germany and shifting 1,000 more from Germany to Romania, demonstrating to both allies and foes America's commitment to NATO's eastern flank amid fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine.US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House Congressman urges Biden to reject Pak's ambassador-designate; terms him ‘terrorist sympathiser' Khan, who has previously served as the “president” of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) until August last year, was nominated as Pakistan's ambassador to the US in November. View: One year of Joe Biden On the plus side, the US rejoined the Paris climate accord and the World Health Organisation (WHO), extended the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) with Russia for five years, led the effort to institute a global minimum tax on corporations, re-engaged allies and partners, held the first Quad summit and persuaded the EU to put the China trade deal on ice. Joe Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin Biden faces a complicated and globally more dangerous task: keeping the West unified as it faces what White House officials say is an increasingly likely further invasion of Ukrainian territory. President Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron President Joe Biden announced Thursday the government will distribute 1 billion rapid, at-home COVID-19 tests free to Americans, along with the most protective N95 masks, as the White House looks to fight the spike in coronavirus casesPresident Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron US president Joe Biden answers inflation query by calling Fox reporter SOB His comments were captured on video and by the microphone in front of him. Doocy laughed it off in a subsequent appearance on his network, joking, "Nobody has fact-checked him yet and said it's not true." Meet Willow, the newest addition to the Biden family The green-eyed canine joins long and varied line of White House pets. Russia's risky options following Ukraine attack Russia, which is seeking a pledge that NATO won't expand to include Ukraine, has options it could pursue short of a full-blown invasion, and other ways to lash out at the U.S. and its allies. All of them carry varying degrees of risk, to Russia and the world. France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia have agreed to sit down for talks in two weeks, an effort aimed at reviving a 2015 agreement to ease the conflict in eastern Ukraine. Some fear this complicates efforts by the U.S. and NATO to show a united front against Russia. President Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' President Biden visited a bridge that collapsed in Pittsburgh just hours before his visit to deliver remarks on infrastructure. The president pledged to rebuild it and fix other bridges across the countryPresident Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' Joe Biden administration to scrap Trump plan for wider Alaska oil drilling Official notice of the change will come in a notice to be filed on Monday in federal court in Alaska, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), a division of Department of the Interior, said in a statement. U.S. economy likely regained steam in Q4, 2021 growth seen best in 37 years U.S. economic growth likely accelerated in the fourth quarter as businesses replenished depleted inventories to meet strong demand for goods, helping the nation to log its best performance in nearly four decades in 2021. North Korea fires two suspected missiles in 6th launch in 2022 North Korea has upped its testing activity recently in an apparent effort to pressure the Joe Biden administration in the US amid long-stalled nuclear talks. US delivers written response to Russia's security demands Washington has made clear that Russian demands for NATO to pull back troops and weapons from eastern Europe and bar Ukraine from ever joining are non-starters. It says it is ready to discuss other topics such as arms control and confidence-building measures. Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin President Joe Biden's effort to rally support, both at home and abroad, ahead of a potential Russian invasion of Ukraine is just the latest big test of his ability to bridge ideological gaps and balance competing interests to build effective coalitions. U.S. companies push Biden, Congress for caution on Russia sanctions A trade group representing Chevron, General Electric and other big U.S. corporations that do business in Russia is asking the White House to consider allowing companies to fulfill commitments and to weigh exempting products as it crafts any sanctions. At the same time, big energy companies are pushing Congress to limit their scope and time frame. Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensions Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensionsWith the West already accusing Moscow of massing more than 100,000 soldiers on the Ukrainian border, the Russian military said it had launched drills involving 6,000 troops in the south and in the Crimean peninsula annexed by Moscow in 2014. 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: USThe U.S. State department said if Russia invades Ukraine, it would be met by a response that's not only "swift, severe and united," but also "unprecedented in its approach." Earlier, President Joe Biden told reporters that Russian President Vladimir Putin “continues to build forces along Ukraine’s border,” and an attack “would be the largest invasion since World War II. It would change the world.”'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be needed Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be neededA COVID-19 vaccine specifically targeting the Omicron variant would be "prudent" even if it ultimately may not be needed, the top U.S. infectious disease official said on Tuesday as Pfizer Inc and BioNTech SE announced such a clinical trial. US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflationPresident Joe Biden called on the Federal Reserve to do more to fight inflation by pulling back on its monetary boosting of the US economy.US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worry US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worryPutting the U.S.-based troops on heightened alert for Europe suggested diminishing hope that Russian President Vladimir Putin will back away from what Biden himself has said looks like a threat to invade neighboring Ukraine. Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022 Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022From Europe to the U.S. and China, production and transportation have stayed bogged down in the early days of 2022 by labor and parts shortages, in part because of the fast-spreading omicron variant. White House to hold second Competition Council meet White House to hold second Competition Council meetThe White House did not confirm the meeting would take place but said President Joe Biden would meet on Monday "with members of his administration on efforts to lower prices for working families." Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine

It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine President Joe Biden told Russia’s Vladimir Putin that invading Ukraine would cause “widespread human suffering” and that the West was committed to diplomacy to end the crisis. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine Caught on hot mic: US president Joe Biden throws expletive at scribe, apologises later but White House lets it slide A reporter had asked Biden whether inflation is a political liability when the gaffe happened. ADVERTISEMENT Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden begin high-stakes phone call on Ukraine crisis A State Department travel advisory on Saturday said most American staff at the Kyiv embassy have been ordered to leave and other U.S. citizens should depart the country immediately as well. 'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House The White House said Monday the "path for diplomacy" with Russia remains open, but warned anew, "we are in the window when an invasion could begin at any time." White House deputy press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said new Russian forces have been arriving at the border with Ukraine "every day," adding, "it remains unclear" which path Russian President Vladimir Putin will take.'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba on Sunday called on Russia to hold a meeting within the next 48 hours to discuss Moscow's military buildup along its borders. Biden in a roughly hour-long call with Zelensky assured of US help to Ukraine any further Russian aggression, according to a White House readout. The call came amid US warnings that a Russian invasion of Ukraine could happen as soon as this week.Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment President Joe Biden said he had a "very, very, very good meeting" Monday with European allies on the Russian military buildup and potential responses to an invasion. Speaking in the White House East Room, Biden there is "total unanimity with all the European leaders" about next steps. The president made the comments during a meeting with his Competition Council, aimed at promoting economic competition and reducing prices for American consumers.Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment US: No 'cause for optimism' after Biden-Putin talks on Ukraine Pentagon spokesman John Kirby offered a grim assessment of the one-hour phone conversation Saturday between US President Joe Biden and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin. Biden and Ukraine's Zelenskiy to discuss security on Sunday Sergii Nykyforov said on Facebook the two leaders "would discuss the security situation and ongoing diplomatic de-escalation efforts". US, Japan, South Korea meet in Hawaii to discuss threat posed by North Korea's nuclear missile test The Security Council initially imposed sanctions on North Korea after its first nuclear test in 2006. It made them tougher in response to further nuclear tests and the country's increasingly sophisticated nuclear and ballistic missile programs. China and Russia, citing the North's economic difficulties, have called for lifting sanctions like those banning seafood exports and prohibitions on its citizens working overseas and sending home their earnings. 5 things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Russia has amassed an estimated 100,000 troops along its border with Ukraine over the past several months. The U.S. has responded by sending several thousand troops to two of Ukraine's neighboring countries: Poland and Romania. Severe consequences for Russia if it were to move into Ukraine: Joe Biden "I have made it clear early on to President (Vladimir) Putin that if he were to move into Ukraine, there would be severe consequences, including significant economic sanctions, as well as I would feel obliged to beef up our presence -- NATO's presence on the eastern front: Poland, Romania etc.," Biden told reporters. US' Indo-Pacific paper says India strong partner The strategy cites the "mounting challenges" posed by the rise of China as a key driver of the "intensifying American focus" in the Indo-Pacific, with "a strong India" as a partner in a regional vision. U.S. moves to free $3.5 billion in frozen Afghan assets to aid Afghanistan's people The multi-step plan calls for the other half of the funds to remain in the United States, subject to ongoing litigation by U.S. victims of terrorism, including relatives of those who died in the Sept. 11, 2001, hijacking attacks, the sources said. President Joe Biden has long been preparing for a Supreme Court pick Biden said as a presidential candidate that if he were given the chance to nominate someone to the court, he would make history by choosing a Black woman. And word on Wednesday that Justice Stephen Breyer plans to retire should give Biden that opportunity. Everyone wants to manufacture semiconductors. Now, EU rolls out billion dollar plan The EU move mirrors U.S. President Joe Biden's $52 billion push to invest in a national chip-producing sector to make sure more production occurs in the United States. Angelina Jolie urges US lawmakers to pass domestic violence law, says normalising abuse at home is the 'ugly truth' The star has accused her ex-husband, Brad Pitt, of intentionally hitting their son Maddox. After months of complaint by Elon Musk, Biden acknowledges Tesla "From iconic companies like GM and Ford building out new electric vehicle production to Tesla, our nation's largest electric vehicle manufacturer, to innovative younger companies," Biden said, adding other startups and saying manufacturing is coming "back to America after decades." Joe Biden to meet Qatar leader as energy worries loom in Europe Qatar is one of the world's larger suppliers of liquefied natural gas and is among countries that the US is hoping could aid Europe should a Russian invasion of Ukraine lead to Moscow stemming the flow of energy. Biden's pandemic fight: Inside the setbacks of the first year Vaccines had been the core of President Joe Biden's pandemic strategy from the moment he took office. But as Walensky was briefed about a cluster of breakthrough cases in Provincetown, Massachusetts, the reality sank in. The delta variant, which had ravaged other parts of the world, was taking hold in the United States. And being vaccinated would not, it turned out, prevent people from becoming infected with the variant or transmitting it. Biden threatens: No gas pipeline if Russia invades Ukraine Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron met for more than five hours in Moscow at the same time Biden and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz spoke at the White House in efforts to defuse the crisis before armed conflict breaks out. Russia has massed thousands of troops at the Ukraine border, adding military might almost daily. Joe Biden comforts victims of Colorado wildfire Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US President Joe Biden said Sunday he would not speculate on further steps his administration is willing to take amid ongoing tensions with Russia over Ukraine. As he returned to the White House, Biden told reporters Russian President Vladimir Putin was seeking "things he cannot get" from ongoing diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis.Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US president Joe Biden sending more troops to Europe amid Ukraine tension Fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine have mounted in recent months, after Putin deployed more than 100,000 troops to areas near Ukraine's borders, including in neighbouring Belarus, backed by tanks, artillery, helicopters and warplanes. US Covid related death toll passes grim milestone due to Omicron surge President Biden's approval rating hits new low at one year mark, according to AP-NORC poll The latest poll shows that Americans' confidence in Biden's handling of the pandemic - seen as a strength early in his administration - has further eroded as the omicron variant strains the health care system and further exhausts an American electorate that had hoped life would be back to a semblance of normalcy by now. Biden says 'not there yet' on lifting China tariffs "I'd like to be in a position where I can say they're meeting the commitments, more of their commitments and be able to lift some of it," Biden said. President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Seeking to clarify his comments a day earlier that a “minor incursion” by Russia would elicit a lesser response, President Joe Biden warned Russian President Vladimir Putin he will pay "a heavy price" for any aggressive action toward Ukraine. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Explainer: Why Europe lacks voice, power in Ukraine crisis Scarred by losing tens of millions of lives on their soil in two world wars, many European Union nations have been wary ever since about military spending. Now, as Russian pressure builds at the Ukrainian border, they face a painful reality: Europe remains heavily reliant on U.S. might to deter another potentially big conflict on its turf. Indian-American body urges Biden to reject appointment of Masood Khan as Pak envoy to US A top Indian diaspora group has urged US President Joe Biden to reject the appointment of Masood Khan as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States, alleging that the diplomat is a sympathiser and supporter of terrorist groups. Fed nominees say inflation is 'grave threat,' vow to fight "Our most important task is tackling inflation," Michigan State University economics professor Lisa Cook, one of three Fed nominees up for a confirmation hearing at the U.S. Senate on Thursday, said in her prepared remarks. US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House The White House announced Wednesday President Joe Biden is ordering 2,000 U.S.-based troops to Poland and Germany and shifting 1,000 more from Germany to Romania, demonstrating to both allies and foes America's commitment to NATO's eastern flank amid fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine.US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House Congressman urges Biden to reject Pak's ambassador-designate; terms him ‘terrorist sympathiser' Khan, who has previously served as the “president” of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) until August last year, was nominated as Pakistan's ambassador to the US in November. View: One year of Joe Biden On the plus side, the US rejoined the Paris climate accord and the World Health Organisation (WHO), extended the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) with Russia for five years, led the effort to institute a global minimum tax on corporations, re-engaged allies and partners, held the first Quad summit and persuaded the EU to put the China trade deal on ice. Joe Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin Biden faces a complicated and globally more dangerous task: keeping the West unified as it faces what White House officials say is an increasingly likely further invasion of Ukrainian territory. President Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron President Joe Biden announced Thursday the government will distribute 1 billion rapid, at-home COVID-19 tests free to Americans, along with the most protective N95 masks, as the White House looks to fight the spike in coronavirus casesPresident Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron US president Joe Biden answers inflation query by calling Fox reporter SOB His comments were captured on video and by the microphone in front of him. Doocy laughed it off in a subsequent appearance on his network, joking, "Nobody has fact-checked him yet and said it's not true." Meet Willow, the newest addition to the Biden family The green-eyed canine joins long and varied line of White House pets. Russia's risky options following Ukraine attack Russia, which is seeking a pledge that NATO won't expand to include Ukraine, has options it could pursue short of a full-blown invasion, and other ways to lash out at the U.S. and its allies. All of them carry varying degrees of risk, to Russia and the world. France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia have agreed to sit down for talks in two weeks, an effort aimed at reviving a 2015 agreement to ease the conflict in eastern Ukraine. Some fear this complicates efforts by the U.S. and NATO to show a united front against Russia. President Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' President Biden visited a bridge that collapsed in Pittsburgh just hours before his visit to deliver remarks on infrastructure. The president pledged to rebuild it and fix other bridges across the countryPresident Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' Joe Biden administration to scrap Trump plan for wider Alaska oil drilling Official notice of the change will come in a notice to be filed on Monday in federal court in Alaska, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), a division of Department of the Interior, said in a statement. U.S. economy likely regained steam in Q4, 2021 growth seen best in 37 years U.S. economic growth likely accelerated in the fourth quarter as businesses replenished depleted inventories to meet strong demand for goods, helping the nation to log its best performance in nearly four decades in 2021. North Korea fires two suspected missiles in 6th launch in 2022 North Korea has upped its testing activity recently in an apparent effort to pressure the Joe Biden administration in the US amid long-stalled nuclear talks. US delivers written response to Russia's security demands Washington has made clear that Russian demands for NATO to pull back troops and weapons from eastern Europe and bar Ukraine from ever joining are non-starters. It says it is ready to discuss other topics such as arms control and confidence-building measures. Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin President Joe Biden's effort to rally support, both at home and abroad, ahead of a potential Russian invasion of Ukraine is just the latest big test of his ability to bridge ideological gaps and balance competing interests to build effective coalitions. U.S. companies push Biden, Congress for caution on Russia sanctions A trade group representing Chevron, General Electric and other big U.S. corporations that do business in Russia is asking the White House to consider allowing companies to fulfill commitments and to weigh exempting products as it crafts any sanctions. At the same time, big energy companies are pushing Congress to limit their scope and time frame. Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensions Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensionsWith the West already accusing Moscow of massing more than 100,000 soldiers on the Ukrainian border, the Russian military said it had launched drills involving 6,000 troops in the south and in the Crimean peninsula annexed by Moscow in 2014. 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: USThe U.S. State department said if Russia invades Ukraine, it would be met by a response that's not only "swift, severe and united," but also "unprecedented in its approach." Earlier, President Joe Biden told reporters that Russian President Vladimir Putin “continues to build forces along Ukraine’s border,” and an attack “would be the largest invasion since World War II. It would change the world.”'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be needed Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be neededA COVID-19 vaccine specifically targeting the Omicron variant would be "prudent" even if it ultimately may not be needed, the top U.S. infectious disease official said on Tuesday as Pfizer Inc and BioNTech SE announced such a clinical trial. US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflationPresident Joe Biden called on the Federal Reserve to do more to fight inflation by pulling back on its monetary boosting of the US economy.US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worry US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worryPutting the U.S.-based troops on heightened alert for Europe suggested diminishing hope that Russian President Vladimir Putin will back away from what Biden himself has said looks like a threat to invade neighboring Ukraine. Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022 Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022From Europe to the U.S. and China, production and transportation have stayed bogged down in the early days of 2022 by labor and parts shortages, in part because of the fast-spreading omicron variant. White House to hold second Competition Council meet White House to hold second Competition Council meetThe White House did not confirm the meeting would take place but said President Joe Biden would meet on Monday "with members of his administration on efforts to lower prices for working families." Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involvedUkraine's layered history offers a window into the complex nation it is today - and why it is continuously under threat. As an Eastern Europe expert, I highlight five key points to keep in mind. Joe Biden to deliver first State of the Union address on March 1 Joe Biden to deliver first State of the Union address on March 1The speech is normally timed for January, and occasionally for February. The delay is driven in part by a busy legislative calendar, a winter spike in COVID-19 cases from the more transmissible omicron variant and the upcoming Winter Olympics, which ties up broadcast network time. Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pill Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pillPresident Joe Biden urged concern but not alarm Tuesday as the U.S. set new records for daily reported COVID-19 cases and his administration struggled to ease concerns about testing shortages, school closures and other disruptions caused by the surging omicron variant. The United States government doubled its order for Pfizer’s COVID pills on Tuesday, a move that will modestly increase the nation’s very limited supplies of the treatment in the short term amid a record-setting surge in coronavirus cases.Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pill Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning' Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning'U.S. President Joe Biden on Friday hailed an announcement by Intel Corp. that it will construct a $20 billion factory outside Columbus, Ohio, creating 7,000 construction jobs and an additional 3,000 permanent jobs. Intel is the latest semiconductor company to announce expansion plans in the U.S. amid a global shortage of the chips used in phones, cars and video games. Biden said the announcement shows the U.S. is "in a better position than any nation...to seize these opportunities," and he hailed the passage of his bipartisan infrastructure legislation as one of the reasons.Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning' Biden and Kishida agree to 'push back' China's attempts to change status quo in East China Sea, SCS Biden and Kishida agree to 'push back' China's attempts to change status quo in East China Sea, SCSUS President Joe Biden and Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida have agreed to "push back" against China's attempts to change the status quo in the East China Sea and the South China Sea, and highlighted the importance of the Quad grouping as a critical forum for promoting a free and open Indo-Pacific region. Indian-origin head of White House military office quits citing personal reasons Indian-origin head of White House military office quits citing personal reasonsMaju Varghese, the Indian-origin director of the White House Military Office, has quit his post, citing personal reasons. In a series of tweets on Saturday, Varghese said leading the White House Military Office (WHMO) was the honour of a lifetime. US delivers around 2 lakh pounds of lethal aid to Ukraine US delivers around 2 lakh pounds of lethal aid to UkraineThe United States has delivered around 200,000 pounds of lethal aid to Ukraine as part of its first shipment of new military assistance directed by President Biden amid tensions at the Ukrainian-Russian border, the US embassy in Kiev said Biden plans new effort to retain international science and tech students Biden plans new effort to retain international science and tech studentsA program allowing those on student visas to stay for an extended period of training will also be expanded to areas such as data science, cloud computing and data visualization. "Other countries, most notably China, are using STEM talent to try to supplant the United States as the world's foremost scientific and technological innovator," one of the officials told reporters. World worse now due to COVID, climate, conflict: U.N. secretary-general, Antonio Guterres World worse now due to COVID, climate, conflict: U.N. secretary-general, Antonio GuterresGuterres said the U.N. Security Council, which does have the power to uphold international peace and security including by imposing sanctions and ordering military action, is divided, especially its five veto-wielding permanent members. Russia and China are often at odds with the U.S., Britain and France on key issues, including Thursday on new sanctions against North Korea. 'Minor incursion' by Russia could complicate West's response 'Minor incursion' by Russia could complicate West's responseAmong the possibilities for limited Russian military action: Putin could move much of the Russian ground force away from the border but further bolster the separatists who control the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine. That conflict has killed more than 14,000 people in nearly eight years of fighting. Kamala Harris will be his running mate in 2024, says President Biden Kamala Harris will be his running mate in 2024, says President BidenUS President Joe Biden has said that Vice President Kamala Harris would be his running mate if he stood for office again in 2024. President Biden made this emphatic assertion on Wednesday amid US media reports alleging dysfunction among her staff and doubt on her standing within the administration. Joe Biden shied away from news conferences, interviews in Year 1 Joe Biden shied away from news conferences, interviews in Year 1"I'm not supposed to be having this press conference right now," Biden said at the end of a meandering response that didn't directly answer the question about the West Virginia Democrat. Biden says Fed should 'recalibrate' policy as prices rise Biden says Fed should 'recalibrate' policy as prices riseFed policymakers have signaled they will raise interest rates several times this year, likely starting in March, to try to rein in inflation that's rising at its fastest pace in nearly 40 years. A reduction in the Fed's $8 trillion balance sheet could soon follow. President Biden confirms Kamala Harris would be running mate in 2024 President Biden confirms Kamala Harris would be running mate in 2024In mid-December, Harris said she and Biden had not yet discussed the 2024 election, amid speculation she may not be in the running for the White House if Biden chose not to stand again. 1 year in: Biden ready to talk through progress, setbacks 1 year in: Biden ready to talk through progress, setbacksStill, it is a perilous time for Biden: The nation is gripped by another disruptive surge of virus cases and inflation is at a level not seen in a generation. Biden's approval rating has fallen sharply over his first year in office and Democrats are bracing for a potential midterm rout if he can't turn things around. US is said to examine Alibaba's cloud unit for national security risks US is said to examine Alibaba's cloud unit for national security risksThe focus of the probe is on how Alibaba's cloud unit stores US clients' data, including personal information and intellectual property, and whether the Chinese government could gain access to it. Biden year one takeaways: Grand ambitions, humbling defeats Biden year one takeaways: Grand ambitions, humbling defeatsJoe Biden's long arc in public life has always had one final ambition: to sit behind the Resolute Desk of the Oval Office. He achieved it - albeit, at 78, as the oldest person to assume the US presidency. After the turbulence and chaos of his predecessor, Donald Trump, Biden was seen by voters as one who could restore a sense of normalcy and a reassuring tone to the White House. Joe Biden calls Donald Trump threat to democracy on anniversary of Capitol attack Joe Biden calls Donald Trump threat to democracy on anniversary of Capitol attackSpeaking at the white-domed building that was the scene of the Jan. 6, 2021, riot, Biden warned that Trump's false claims that the election was stolen from him through widespread voting fraud could unravel the rule of law and undermine future elections. Saudi energy minister: It's U.S. prerogative to draw on strategic oil reserves Saudi energy minister: It's U.S. prerogative to draw on strategic oil reservesSaudi Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman said on Monday that it was up to the United States whether or not it would release more supply from strategic petroleum reserves. Saudi energy minister says he is 'always comfortable' with oil prices Saudi energy minister says he is 'always comfortable' with oil pricesPresident Joe Biden's administration said in November it would release about 50 million barrels from its reserves in conjunction with other consumer nations, such as China, India and South Korea, to combat the rising cost of fuel. US to provide 500 million home tests as Omicron surges: President Joe Biden US to provide 500 million home tests as Omicron surges: President Joe BidenFighting the omicron variant surging through the U.S., President Joe Biden is redoubling vaccination and boosting efforts and announced Tuesday that the government would provide 500 million free rapid testsUS to provide 500 million home tests as Omicron surges: President Joe Biden Trump rallies faithful at 'MAGA Woodstock' Trump rallies faithful at 'MAGA Woodstock'Some of the faithful had arrived in the area days in advance from as far away as Florida or Texas, waiting to hear the former president trot out a familiar list of grievances. Their patience was soon rewarded. "We are done having our lives controlled by politicians in Washington. We are done with the mandates," he said, in reference to rules brought in to control the coronavirus pandemic. Everyone, meet Commander! Prez Joe Biden adds a new puppy to the family, Major to stay with friends Everyone, meet Commander! Prez Joe Biden adds a new puppy to the family, Major to stay with friendsThe first lady's office revealed that a cat will join Commander at the White House in Jan. US Chamber of Commerce chief wants more immigrants to check rising inflation US Chamber of Commerce chief wants more immigrants to check rising inflationUS Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell has flagged the risks associated with entrenched inflation. The central bank will start to tighten the noose around loose interest rates from this year. With its agenda stuck, White House puts focus back on infrastructure, says Joe Biden With its agenda stuck, White House puts focus back on infrastructure, says Joe BidenPresident Joe Biden on Friday tried to put behind recent setbacks on voting rights and his economic agenda by outlining progress made in implementing his $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure package.With its agenda stuck, White House puts focus back on infrastructure, says Joe Biden Biden asks businesses to push for COVID-19 shots Biden asks businesses to push for COVID-19 shotsAt a time when hospitals are being overrun and record numbers of people are getting infected with the omicron variant, the administration hopes states and companies will order their own vaccinate-or-test requirements. And if the presidential "bully pulpit"' still counts for persuasion, Biden intends to use it. What arms India arms the US, too What arms India arms the US, tooWhile Nato partner Turkey broke legacy norms by shopping Rosoboronexport products, India's 'historical ties' with Russia are no longer being perceived by the US as a deal-breaker. Containing Covid, unchaining economy Containing Covid, unchaining economyMuch like any health or natural emergency policy, Covid has to be negotiated with in the long term. Knowing when to dial up and dial down localised restrictions is necessary in such a 'permanent plan'. US discourages India from acquiring Russian S-400 missile defence systems: Prez Biden's nominee US discourages India from acquiring Russian S-400 missile defence systems: Prez Biden's nomineeThe US has already imposed sanctions on Turkey under the CAATSA for the purchase of a batch of S-400 missile defence systems from Russia. Following the US sanctions on Turkey over the procurement of S-400 missile systems, there were apprehensions that Washington may impose similar punitive measures on India. Russia has been one of India's key major suppliers of arms and ammunition. US inflation up 7% in 2021, highest level in four decades US inflation up 7% in 2021, highest level in four decadesInflation jumped at its fastest pace in nearly 40 years last month, a 7% spike from a year earlier that is increasing household expenses, eating into wage gains and heaping pressure on President Joe Biden and the Federal Reserve to address what has become the biggest threat to the U.S. economy.US inflation up 7% in 2021, highest level in four decades Watch: President Joe Biden visit hospitalized kids on Christmas Eve Watch: President Joe Biden visit hospitalized kids on Christmas EvePresident Joe Biden and first lady Jill Biden brought some Christmas Eve cheer to hospitalized children who aren't well enough to go home for holidays. (AP)Watch: President Joe Biden visit hospitalized kids on Christmas Eve Facebook loses request to throw out US monopoly case Facebook loses request to throw out US monopoly caseUS District Judge James Boasberg in Washington denied Facebook's motion to dismiss the Federal Trade Commission's revised antitrust complaint. Joe Biden says he is likely to run again in 2024 if Trump is his opponent Joe Biden says he is likely to run again in 2024 if Trump is his opponentWhen asked about whether he would stand for re-election, the 79-year-old Democrat responded that he would. "But look," he said. "I'm a great respecter of fate. Fate has intervened in my life many, many times. If I'm in the health I'm in now, if I'm in good health, then in fact I would run again." Biden endorses changing Senate rules to pass voting rights legislation; says 'I'm tired of being quiet' on voting rights Biden endorses changing Senate rules to pass voting rights legislation; says 'I'm tired of being quiet' on voting rightsIn an impassioned speech on protecting voting rights in America, U.S. President Joe Biden declared he's 'tired of being quiet,' and said he backs changing Senate rules to allow action on Democrats' voting bills.Biden endorses changing Senate rules to pass voting rights legislation; says 'I'm tired of being quiet' on voting rights US closely monitoring India-China border dispute: White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki US closely monitoring India-China border dispute: White House Press Secretary Jen PsakiPresident Joe Biden's administration is closely monitoring the India-China border dispute, informed White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki on Monday (local time), adding that the US is "concerned" by China's attempt to intimidate its neighbours. “We continue to closely monitor the situation. We continue to support dialogue and peaceful resolution of these border disputes. We have been pretty clear how we view Beijing's behavior in region around the world: White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki on India-China border dispute,” she added.US closely monitoring India-China border dispute: White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki President Joe Biden warns of illness and death as omicron surges President Joe Biden warns of illness and death as omicron surgesWarning the omicron variant of the coronavirus "is here," President Joe Biden predicts a "winter of severe illness and death" for those who are still unvaccinated and implores Americans anew to get their shots and boosters. (AP)President Joe Biden warns of illness and death as omicron surges US President Joe Biden extends moratorium on student loan repayments US President Joe Biden extends moratorium on student loan repaymentsThe move is expected to impact the student debt of some 41 million people. "We know that millions of student loan borrowers are still coping with the impacts of the pandemic and need some more time before resuming payments," Biden said in a statement released by the White House. New York Port hustles to cut rare logjam amid Covid labor woes New York Port hustles to cut rare logjam amid Covid labor woesThe New York area’s port terminals have largely avoided backlogs like those gripping the twin gateways of Los Angeles and Long Beach, California, where scores of vessels are still running into delays of more than three weeks to offload. As Omicron variant spreads, Joe Biden announces winter campaign to battle Covid-19 As Omicron variant spreads, Joe Biden announces winter campaign to battle Covid-19US President Joe Biden announced a winter campaign against Covid-19, with new testing requirements for travellers and a surge in vaccination efforts. The winter campaign comes amid the backdrop of the new Omicron variant, which threatens to revive the pandemic. Unveiling a raft of actions designed to tamp down Covid-19 in the coming months, he urged his political rivals- to unite behind the strategy. WatchAs Omicron variant spreads, Joe Biden announces winter campaign to battle Covid-19 Hard times loom for US economy as job growth disappoints Hard times loom for US economy as job growth disappointsAnalysts had forecast a much more robust gain in payrolls, but the result fell far short, instead showing other key metrics like labor market participation and racial employment disparities making little improvement last month. President Joe Biden sounds alarms at health of global democracy President Joe Biden sounds alarms at health of global democracyPresident Joe Biden opens the first White House Summit for Democracy by sounding an alarm about a global slide for democratic institutions and called for world leaders to “lock arms” and demonstrate democracies can deliver. (AP)President Joe Biden sounds alarms at health of global democracy Ten points of tension between Vladimir Putin and Joe Biden Ten points of tension between Vladimir Putin and Joe BidenThe United States has accused Russia's ally Belarus of "weaponising" migrants from the Middle East by encouraging thousands of them to try to enter the European Union from its territory, creating a crisis for the EU. Russia has backed Belarus leader Alexander Lukashenko, including by sending nuclear-capable warplanes to patrol Belarusian airspace. US President Joe Biden talks sanctions, Vladimir Putin warns of rupture over Ukraine US President Joe Biden talks sanctions, Vladimir Putin warns of rupture over UkraineThe two leaders spoke frankly for nearly an hour Thursday amid growing alarm over Russia's troop buildup near Ukraine, a crisis that has deepened as the Kremlin has stiffened its insistence on border security guarantees and test-fired hypersonic missiles to underscore its demands. Biden talks sanctions, Putin warns of rupture over Ukraine Biden talks sanctions, Putin warns of rupture over UkraineWhite House press secretary Jen Psaki said Biden "urged Russia to de-escalate tensions with Ukraine" and "made clear that the United States and its allies and partners will respond decisively if Russia further invades Ukraine." 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Ltd. All rights reserved. For reprint rights: Times Syndication Service Joe Biden The Big Budget SaleGet APP HomeQuickReadsBudget 2022ETPrimeMarketsNewsIndustryRISEPoliticsWealthMFTechJobsOpinionNRIPanacheET NOWPortfolio It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine President Joe Biden told Russia’s Vladimir Putin that invading Ukraine would cause “widespread human suffering” and that the West was committed to diplomacy to end the crisis. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine Caught on hot mic: US president Joe Biden throws expletive at scribe, apologises later but White House lets it slide A reporter had asked Biden whether inflation is a political liability when the gaffe happened. ADVERTISEMENT Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden begin high-stakes phone call on Ukraine crisis A State Department travel advisory on Saturday said most American staff at the Kyiv embassy have been ordered to leave and other U.S. citizens should depart the country immediately as well. 'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House The White House said Monday the "path for diplomacy" with Russia remains open, but warned anew, "we are in the window when an invasion could begin at any time." White House deputy press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said new Russian forces have been arriving at the border with Ukraine "every day," adding, "it remains unclear" which path Russian President Vladimir Putin will take.'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba on Sunday called on Russia to hold a meeting within the next 48 hours to discuss Moscow's military buildup along its borders. Biden in a roughly hour-long call with Zelensky assured of US help to Ukraine any further Russian aggression, according to a White House readout. The call came amid US warnings that a Russian invasion of Ukraine could happen as soon as this week.Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment President Joe Biden said he had a "very, very, very good meeting" Monday with European allies on the Russian military buildup and potential responses to an invasion. Speaking in the White House East Room, Biden there is "total unanimity with all the European leaders" about next steps. The president made the comments during a meeting with his Competition Council, aimed at promoting economic competition and reducing prices for American consumers.Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment US: No 'cause for optimism' after Biden-Putin talks on Ukraine Pentagon spokesman John Kirby offered a grim assessment of the one-hour phone conversation Saturday between US President Joe Biden and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin. Biden and Ukraine's Zelenskiy to discuss security on Sunday Sergii Nykyforov said on Facebook the two leaders "would discuss the security situation and ongoing diplomatic de-escalation efforts". US, Japan, South Korea meet in Hawaii to discuss threat posed by North Korea's nuclear missile test The Security Council initially imposed sanctions on North Korea after its first nuclear test in 2006. It made them tougher in response to further nuclear tests and the country's increasingly sophisticated nuclear and ballistic missile programs. China and Russia, citing the North's economic difficulties, have called for lifting sanctions like those banning seafood exports and prohibitions on its citizens working overseas and sending home their earnings. 5 things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Russia has amassed an estimated 100,000 troops along its border with Ukraine over the past several months. The U.S. has responded by sending several thousand troops to two of Ukraine's neighboring countries: Poland and Romania. Severe consequences for Russia if it were to move into Ukraine: Joe Biden "I have made it clear early on to President (Vladimir) Putin that if he were to move into Ukraine, there would be severe consequences, including significant economic sanctions, as well as I would feel obliged to beef up our presence -- NATO's presence on the eastern front: Poland, Romania etc.," Biden told reporters. US' Indo-Pacific paper says India strong partner The strategy cites the "mounting challenges" posed by the rise of China as a key driver of the "intensifying American focus" in the Indo-Pacific, with "a strong India" as a partner in a regional vision. U.S. moves to free $3.5 billion in frozen Afghan assets to aid Afghanistan's people The multi-step plan calls for the other half of the funds to remain in the United States, subject to ongoing litigation by U.S. victims of terrorism, including relatives of those who died in the Sept. 11, 2001, hijacking attacks, the sources said. President Joe Biden has long been preparing for a Supreme Court pick Biden said as a presidential candidate that if he were given the chance to nominate someone to the court, he would make history by choosing a Black woman. And word on Wednesday that Justice Stephen Breyer plans to retire should give Biden that opportunity. Everyone wants to manufacture semiconductors. Now, EU rolls out billion dollar plan The EU move mirrors U.S. President Joe Biden's $52 billion push to invest in a national chip-producing sector to make sure more production occurs in the United States. Angelina Jolie urges US lawmakers to pass domestic violence law, says normalising abuse at home is the 'ugly truth' The star has accused her ex-husband, Brad Pitt, of intentionally hitting their son Maddox. After months of complaint by Elon Musk, Biden acknowledges Tesla "From iconic companies like GM and Ford building out new electric vehicle production to Tesla, our nation's largest electric vehicle manufacturer, to innovative younger companies," Biden said, adding other startups and saying manufacturing is coming "back to America after decades." Joe Biden to meet Qatar leader as energy worries loom in Europe Qatar is one of the world's larger suppliers of liquefied natural gas and is among countries that the US is hoping could aid Europe should a Russian invasion of Ukraine lead to Moscow stemming the flow of energy. Biden's pandemic fight: Inside the setbacks of the first year Vaccines had been the core of President Joe Biden's pandemic strategy from the moment he took office. But as Walensky was briefed about a cluster of breakthrough cases in Provincetown, Massachusetts, the reality sank in. The delta variant, which had ravaged other parts of the world, was taking hold in the United States. And being vaccinated would not, it turned out, prevent people from becoming infected with the variant or transmitting it. Biden threatens: No gas pipeline if Russia invades Ukraine Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron met for more than five hours in Moscow at the same time Biden and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz spoke at the White House in efforts to defuse the crisis before armed conflict breaks out. Russia has massed thousands of troops at the Ukraine border, adding military might almost daily. Joe Biden comforts victims of Colorado wildfire Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US President Joe Biden said Sunday he would not speculate on further steps his administration is willing to take amid ongoing tensions with Russia over Ukraine. As he returned to the White House, Biden told reporters Russian President Vladimir Putin was seeking "things he cannot get" from ongoing diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis.Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US president Joe Biden sending more troops to Europe amid Ukraine tension Fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine have mounted in recent months, after Putin deployed more than 100,000 troops to areas near Ukraine's borders, including in neighbouring Belarus, backed by tanks, artillery, helicopters and warplanes. US Covid related death toll passes grim milestone due to Omicron surge President Biden's approval rating hits new low at one year mark, according to AP-NORC poll The latest poll shows that Americans' confidence in Biden's handling of the pandemic - seen as a strength early in his administration - has further eroded as the omicron variant strains the health care system and further exhausts an American electorate that had hoped life would be back to a semblance of normalcy by now. Biden says 'not there yet' on lifting China tariffs "I'd like to be in a position where I can say they're meeting the commitments, more of their commitments and be able to lift some of it," Biden said. President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Seeking to clarify his comments a day earlier that a “minor incursion” by Russia would elicit a lesser response, President Joe Biden warned Russian President Vladimir Putin he will pay "a heavy price" for any aggressive action toward Ukraine. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Explainer: Why Europe lacks voice, power in Ukraine crisis Scarred by losing tens of millions of lives on their soil in two world wars, many European Union nations have been wary ever since about military spending. Now, as Russian pressure builds at the Ukrainian border, they face a painful reality: Europe remains heavily reliant on U.S. might to deter another potentially big conflict on its turf. Indian-American body urges Biden to reject appointment of Masood Khan as Pak envoy to US A top Indian diaspora group has urged US President Joe Biden to reject the appointment of Masood Khan as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States, alleging that the diplomat is a sympathiser and supporter of terrorist groups. Fed nominees say inflation is 'grave threat,' vow to fight "Our most important task is tackling inflation," Michigan State University economics professor Lisa Cook, one of three Fed nominees up for a confirmation hearing at the U.S. Senate on Thursday, said in her prepared remarks. US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House The White House announced Wednesday President Joe Biden is ordering 2,000 U.S.-based troops to Poland and Germany and shifting 1,000 more from Germany to Romania, demonstrating to both allies and foes America's commitment to NATO's eastern flank amid fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine.US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House Congressman urges Biden to reject Pak's ambassador-designate; terms him ‘terrorist sympathiser' Khan, who has previously served as the “president” of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) until August last year, was nominated as Pakistan's ambassador to the US in November. View: One year of Joe Biden On the plus side, the US rejoined the Paris climate accord and the World Health Organisation (WHO), extended the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) with Russia for five years, led the effort to institute a global minimum tax on corporations, re-engaged allies and partners, held the first Quad summit and persuaded the EU to put the China trade deal on ice. Joe Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin Biden faces a complicated and globally more dangerous task: keeping the West unified as it faces what White House officials say is an increasingly likely further invasion of Ukrainian territory. President Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron President Joe Biden announced Thursday the government will distribute 1 billion rapid, at-home COVID-19 tests free to Americans, along with the most protective N95 masks, as the White House looks to fight the spike in coronavirus casesPresident Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron US president Joe Biden answers inflation query by calling Fox reporter SOB His comments were captured on video and by the microphone in front of him. Doocy laughed it off in a subsequent appearance on his network, joking, "Nobody has fact-checked him yet and said it's not true." Meet Willow, the newest addition to the Biden family The green-eyed canine joins long and varied line of White House pets. Russia's risky options following Ukraine attack Russia, which is seeking a pledge that NATO won't expand to include Ukraine, has options it could pursue short of a full-blown invasion, and other ways to lash out at the U.S. and its allies. All of them carry varying degrees of risk, to Russia and the world. France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia have agreed to sit down for talks in two weeks, an effort aimed at reviving a 2015 agreement to ease the conflict in eastern Ukraine. Some fear this complicates efforts by the U.S. and NATO to show a united front against Russia. President Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' President Biden visited a bridge that collapsed in Pittsburgh just hours before his visit to deliver remarks on infrastructure. The president pledged to rebuild it and fix other bridges across the countryPresident Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' Joe Biden administration to scrap Trump plan for wider Alaska oil drilling Official notice of the change will come in a notice to be filed on Monday in federal court in Alaska, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), a division of Department of the Interior, said in a statement. U.S. economy likely regained steam in Q4, 2021 growth seen best in 37 years U.S. economic growth likely accelerated in the fourth quarter as businesses replenished depleted inventories to meet strong demand for goods, helping the nation to log its best performance in nearly four decades in 2021. North Korea fires two suspected missiles in 6th launch in 2022 North Korea has upped its testing activity recently in an apparent effort to pressure the Joe Biden administration in the US amid long-stalled nuclear talks. US delivers written response to Russia's security demands Washington has made clear that Russian demands for NATO to pull back troops and weapons from eastern Europe and bar Ukraine from ever joining are non-starters. It says it is ready to discuss other topics such as arms control and confidence-building measures. Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin President Joe Biden's effort to rally support, both at home and abroad, ahead of a potential Russian invasion of Ukraine is just the latest big test of his ability to bridge ideological gaps and balance competing interests to build effective coalitions. U.S. companies push Biden, Congress for caution on Russia sanctions A trade group representing Chevron, General Electric and other big U.S. corporations that do business in Russia is asking the White House to consider allowing companies to fulfill commitments and to weigh exempting products as it crafts any sanctions. At the same time, big energy companies are pushing Congress to limit their scope and time frame. Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensions Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensionsWith the West already accusing Moscow of massing more than 100,000 soldiers on the Ukrainian border, the Russian military said it had launched drills involving 6,000 troops in the south and in the Crimean peninsula annexed by Moscow in 2014. 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: USThe U.S. State department said if Russia invades Ukraine, it would be met by a response that's not only "swift, severe and united," but also "unprecedented in its approach." Earlier, President Joe Biden told reporters that Russian President Vladimir Putin “continues to build forces along Ukraine’s border,” and an attack “would be the largest invasion since World War II. It would change the world.”'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be needed Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be neededA COVID-19 vaccine specifically targeting the Omicron variant would be "prudent" even if it ultimately may not be needed, the top U.S. infectious disease official said on Tuesday as Pfizer Inc and BioNTech SE announced such a clinical trial. US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflationPresident Joe Biden called on the Federal Reserve to do more to fight inflation by pulling back on its monetary boosting of the US economy.US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worry US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worryPutting the U.S.-based troops on heightened alert for Europe suggested diminishing hope that Russian President Vladimir Putin will back away from what Biden himself has said looks like a threat to invade neighboring Ukraine. Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022 Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022From Europe to the U.S. and China, production and transportation have stayed bogged down in the early days of 2022 by labor and parts shortages, in part because of the fast-spreading omicron variant. White House to hold second Competition Council meet White House to hold second Competition Council meetThe White House did not confirm the meeting would take place but said President Joe Biden would meet on Monday "with members of his administration on efforts to lower prices for working families." Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involvedUkraine's layered history offers a window into the complex nation it is today - and why it is continuously under threat. As an Eastern Europe expert, I highlight five key points to keep in mind. Joe Biden to deliver first State of the Union address on March 1 Joe Biden to deliver first State of the Union address on March 1The speech is normally timed for January, and occasionally for February. The delay is driven in part by a busy legislative calendar, a winter spike in COVID-19 cases from the more transmissible omicron variant and the upcoming Winter Olympics, which ties up broadcast network time. Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pill Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pillPresident Joe Biden urged concern but not alarm Tuesday as the U.S. set new records for daily reported COVID-19 cases and his administration struggled to ease concerns about testing shortages, school closures and other disruptions caused by the surging omicron variant. The United States government doubled its order for Pfizer’s COVID pills on Tuesday, a move that will modestly increase the nation’s very limited supplies of the treatment in the short term amid a record-setting surge in coronavirus cases.Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pill Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning' Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning'U.S. President Joe Biden on Friday hailed an announcement by Intel Corp. that it will construct a $20 billion factory outside Columbus, Ohio, creating 7,000 construction jobs and an additional 3,000 permanent jobs. Intel is the latest semiconductor company to announce expansion plans in the U.S. amid a global shortage of the chips used in phones, cars and video games. Biden said the announcement shows the U.S. is "in a better position than any nation...to seize these opportunities," and he hailed the passage of his bipartisan infrastructure legislation as one of the reasons.Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning' Biden and Kishida agree to 'push back' China's attempts to change status quo in East China Sea, SCS Biden and Kishida agree to 'push back' China's attempts to

Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine President Joe Biden told Russia’s Vladimir Putin that invading Ukraine would cause “widespread human suffering” and that the West was committed to diplomacy to end the crisis. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine Caught on hot mic: US president Joe Biden throws expletive at scribe, apologises later but White House lets it slide A reporter had asked Biden whether inflation is a political liability when the gaffe happened. ADVERTISEMENT Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden begin high-stakes phone call on Ukraine crisis A State Department travel advisory on Saturday said most American staff at the Kyiv embassy have been ordered to leave and other U.S. citizens should depart the country immediately as well. 'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House The White House said Monday the "path for diplomacy" with Russia remains open, but warned anew, "we are in the window when an invasion could begin at any time." White House deputy press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said new Russian forces have been arriving at the border with Ukraine "every day," adding, "it remains unclear" which path Russian President Vladimir Putin will take.'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba on Sunday called on Russia to hold a meeting within the next 48 hours to discuss Moscow's military buildup along its borders. Biden in a roughly hour-long call with Zelensky assured of US help to Ukraine any further Russian aggression, according to a White House readout. The call came amid US warnings that a Russian invasion of Ukraine could happen as soon as this week.Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment President Joe Biden said he had a "very, very, very good meeting" Monday with European allies on the Russian military buildup and potential responses to an invasion. Speaking in the White House East Room, Biden there is "total unanimity with all the European leaders" about next steps. The president made the comments during a meeting with his Competition Council, aimed at promoting economic competition and reducing prices for American consumers.Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment US: No 'cause for optimism' after Biden-Putin talks on Ukraine Pentagon spokesman John Kirby offered a grim assessment of the one-hour phone conversation Saturday between US President Joe Biden and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin. Biden and Ukraine's Zelenskiy to discuss security on Sunday Sergii Nykyforov said on Facebook the two leaders "would discuss the security situation and ongoing diplomatic de-escalation efforts". US, Japan, South Korea meet in Hawaii to discuss threat posed by North Korea's nuclear missile test The Security Council initially imposed sanctions on North Korea after its first nuclear test in 2006. It made them tougher in response to further nuclear tests and the country's increasingly sophisticated nuclear and ballistic missile programs. China and Russia, citing the North's economic difficulties, have called for lifting sanctions like those banning seafood exports and prohibitions on its citizens working overseas and sending home their earnings. 5 things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Russia has amassed an estimated 100,000 troops along its border with Ukraine over the past several months. The U.S. has responded by sending several thousand troops to two of Ukraine's neighboring countries: Poland and Romania. Severe consequences for Russia if it were to move into Ukraine: Joe Biden "I have made it clear early on to President (Vladimir) Putin that if he were to move into Ukraine, there would be severe consequences, including significant economic sanctions, as well as I would feel obliged to beef up our presence -- NATO's presence on the eastern front: Poland, Romania etc.," Biden told reporters. US' Indo-Pacific paper says India strong partner The strategy cites the "mounting challenges" posed by the rise of China as a key driver of the "intensifying American focus" in the Indo-Pacific, with "a strong India" as a partner in a regional vision. U.S. moves to free $3.5 billion in frozen Afghan assets to aid Afghanistan's people The multi-step plan calls for the other half of the funds to remain in the United States, subject to ongoing litigation by U.S. victims of terrorism, including relatives of those who died in the Sept. 11, 2001, hijacking attacks, the sources said. President Joe Biden has long been preparing for a Supreme Court pick Biden said as a presidential candidate that if he were given the chance to nominate someone to the court, he would make history by choosing a Black woman. And word on Wednesday that Justice Stephen Breyer plans to retire should give Biden that opportunity. Everyone wants to manufacture semiconductors. Now, EU rolls out billion dollar plan The EU move mirrors U.S. President Joe Biden's $52 billion push to invest in a national chip-producing sector to make sure more production occurs in the United States. Angelina Jolie urges US lawmakers to pass domestic violence law, says normalising abuse at home is the 'ugly truth' The star has accused her ex-husband, Brad Pitt, of intentionally hitting their son Maddox. After months of complaint by Elon Musk, Biden acknowledges Tesla "From iconic companies like GM and Ford building out new electric vehicle production to Tesla, our nation's largest electric vehicle manufacturer, to innovative younger companies," Biden said, adding other startups and saying manufacturing is coming "back to America after decades." Joe Biden to meet Qatar leader as energy worries loom in Europe Qatar is one of the world's larger suppliers of liquefied natural gas and is among countries that the US is hoping could aid Europe should a Russian invasion of Ukraine lead to Moscow stemming the flow of energy. Biden's pandemic fight: Inside the setbacks of the first year Vaccines had been the core of President Joe Biden's pandemic strategy from the moment he took office. But as Walensky was briefed about a cluster of breakthrough cases in Provincetown, Massachusetts, the reality sank in. The delta variant, which had ravaged other parts of the world, was taking hold in the United States. And being vaccinated would not, it turned out, prevent people from becoming infected with the variant or transmitting it. Biden threatens: No gas pipeline if Russia invades Ukraine Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron met for more than five hours in Moscow at the same time Biden and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz spoke at the White House in efforts to defuse the crisis before armed conflict breaks out. Russia has massed thousands of troops at the Ukraine border, adding military might almost daily. Joe Biden comforts victims of Colorado wildfire Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US President Joe Biden said Sunday he would not speculate on further steps his administration is willing to take amid ongoing tensions with Russia over Ukraine. As he returned to the White House, Biden told reporters Russian President Vladimir Putin was seeking "things he cannot get" from ongoing diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis.Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US president Joe Biden sending more troops to Europe amid Ukraine tension Fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine have mounted in recent months, after Putin deployed more than 100,000 troops to areas near Ukraine's borders, including in neighbouring Belarus, backed by tanks, artillery, helicopters and warplanes. US Covid related death toll passes grim milestone due to Omicron surge President Biden's approval rating hits new low at one year mark, according to AP-NORC poll The latest poll shows that Americans' confidence in Biden's handling of the pandemic - seen as a strength early in his administration - has further eroded as the omicron variant strains the health care system and further exhausts an American electorate that had hoped life would be back to a semblance of normalcy by now. Biden says 'not there yet' on lifting China tariffs "I'd like to be in a position where I can say they're meeting the commitments, more of their commitments and be able to lift some of it," Biden said. President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Seeking to clarify his comments a day earlier that a “minor incursion” by Russia would elicit a lesser response, President Joe Biden warned Russian President Vladimir Putin he will pay "a heavy price" for any aggressive action toward Ukraine. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Explainer: Why Europe lacks voice, power in Ukraine crisis Scarred by losing tens of millions of lives on their soil in two world wars, many European Union nations have been wary ever since about military spending. Now, as Russian pressure builds at the Ukrainian border, they face a painful reality: Europe remains heavily reliant on U.S. might to deter another potentially big conflict on its turf. Indian-American body urges Biden to reject appointment of Masood Khan as Pak envoy to US A top Indian diaspora group has urged US President Joe Biden to reject the appointment of Masood Khan as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States, alleging that the diplomat is a sympathiser and supporter of terrorist groups. Fed nominees say inflation is 'grave threat,' vow to fight "Our most important task is tackling inflation," Michigan State University economics professor Lisa Cook, one of three Fed nominees up for a confirmation hearing at the U.S. Senate on Thursday, said in her prepared remarks. US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House The White House announced Wednesday President Joe Biden is ordering 2,000 U.S.-based troops to Poland and Germany and shifting 1,000 more from Germany to Romania, demonstrating to both allies and foes America's commitment to NATO's eastern flank amid fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine.US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House Congressman urges Biden to reject Pak's ambassador-designate; terms him ‘terrorist sympathiser' Khan, who has previously served as the “president” of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) until August last year, was nominated as Pakistan's ambassador to the US in November. View: One year of Joe Biden On the plus side, the US rejoined the Paris climate accord and the World Health Organisation (WHO), extended the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) with Russia for five years, led the effort to institute a global minimum tax on corporations, re-engaged allies and partners, held the first Quad summit and persuaded the EU to put the China trade deal on ice. Joe Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin Biden faces a complicated and globally more dangerous task: keeping the West unified as it faces what White House officials say is an increasingly likely further invasion of Ukrainian territory. President Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron President Joe Biden announced Thursday the government will distribute 1 billion rapid, at-home COVID-19 tests free to Americans, along with the most protective N95 masks, as the White House looks to fight the spike in coronavirus casesPresident Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron US president Joe Biden answers inflation query by calling Fox reporter SOB His comments were captured on video and by the microphone in front of him. Doocy laughed it off in a subsequent appearance on his network, joking, "Nobody has fact-checked him yet and said it's not true." Meet Willow, the newest addition to the Biden family The green-eyed canine joins long and varied line of White House pets. Russia's risky options following Ukraine attack Russia, which is seeking a pledge that NATO won't expand to include Ukraine, has options it could pursue short of a full-blown invasion, and other ways to lash out at the U.S. and its allies. All of them carry varying degrees of risk, to Russia and the world. France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia have agreed to sit down for talks in two weeks, an effort aimed at reviving a 2015 agreement to ease the conflict in eastern Ukraine. Some fear this complicates efforts by the U.S. and NATO to show a united front against Russia. President Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' President Biden visited a bridge that collapsed in Pittsburgh just hours before his visit to deliver remarks on infrastructure. The president pledged to rebuild it and fix other bridges across the countryPresident Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' Joe Biden administration to scrap Trump plan for wider Alaska oil drilling Official notice of the change will come in a notice to be filed on Monday in federal court in Alaska, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), a division of Department of the Interior, said in a statement. U.S. economy likely regained steam in Q4, 2021 growth seen best in 37 years U.S. economic growth likely accelerated in the fourth quarter as businesses replenished depleted inventories to meet strong demand for goods, helping the nation to log its best performance in nearly four decades in 2021. North Korea fires two suspected missiles in 6th launch in 2022 North Korea has upped its testing activity recently in an apparent effort to pressure the Joe Biden administration in the US amid long-stalled nuclear talks. US delivers written response to Russia's security demands Washington has made clear that Russian demands for NATO to pull back troops and weapons from eastern Europe and bar Ukraine from ever joining are non-starters. It says it is ready to discuss other topics such as arms control and confidence-building measures. Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin President Joe Biden's effort to rally support, both at home and abroad, ahead of a potential Russian invasion of Ukraine is just the latest big test of his ability to bridge ideological gaps and balance competing interests to build effective coalitions. U.S. companies push Biden, Congress for caution on Russia sanctions A trade group representing Chevron, General Electric and other big U.S. corporations that do business in Russia is asking the White House to consider allowing companies to fulfill commitments and to weigh exempting products as it crafts any sanctions. At the same time, big energy companies are pushing Congress to limit their scope and time frame. Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensions Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensionsWith the West already accusing Moscow of massing more than 100,000 soldiers on the Ukrainian border, the Russian military said it had launched drills involving 6,000 troops in the south and in the Crimean peninsula annexed by Moscow in 2014. 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: USThe U.S. State department said if Russia invades Ukraine, it would be met by a response that's not only "swift, severe and united," but also "unprecedented in its approach." Earlier, President Joe Biden told reporters that Russian President Vladimir Putin “continues to build forces along Ukraine’s border,” and an attack “would be the largest invasion since World War II. It would change the world.”'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be needed Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be neededA COVID-19 vaccine specifically targeting the Omicron variant would be "prudent" even if it ultimately may not be needed, the top U.S. infectious disease official said on Tuesday as Pfizer Inc and BioNTech SE announced such a clinical trial. US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflationPresident Joe Biden called on the Federal Reserve to do more to fight inflation by pulling back on its monetary boosting of the US economy.US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worry US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worryPutting the U.S.-based troops on heightened alert for Europe suggested diminishing hope that Russian President Vladimir Putin will back away from what Biden himself has said looks like a threat to invade neighboring Ukraine. Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022 Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022From Europe to the U.S. and China, production and transportation have stayed bogged down in the early days of 2022 by labor and parts shortages, in part because of the fast-spreading omicron variant. White House to hold second Competition Council meet White House to hold second Competition Council meetThe White House did not confirm the meeting would take place but said President Joe Biden would meet on Monday "with members of his administration on efforts to lower prices for working families." Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involvedUkraine's layered history offers a window into the complex nation it is today - and why it is continuously under threat. As an Eastern Europe expert, I highlight five key points to keep in mind. Joe Biden to deliver first State of the Union address on March 1 Joe Biden to deliver first State of the Union address on March 1The speech is normally timed for January, and occasionally for February. The delay is driven in part by a busy legislative calendar, a winter spike in COVID-19 cases from the more transmissible omicron variant and the upcoming Winter Olympics, which ties up broadcast network time. Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pill Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pillPresident Joe Biden urged concern but not alarm Tuesday as the U.S. set new records for daily reported COVID-19 cases and his administration struggled to ease concerns about testing shortages, school closures and other disruptions caused by the surging omicron variant. The United States government doubled its order for Pfizer’s COVID pills on Tuesday, a move that will modestly increase the nation’s very limited supplies of the treatment in the short term amid a record-setting surge in coronavirus cases.Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pill Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning' Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning'U.S. President Joe Biden on Friday hailed an announcement by Intel Corp. that it will construct a $20 billion factory outside Columbus, Ohio, creating 7,000 construction jobs and an additional 3,000 permanent jobs. Intel is the latest semiconductor company to announce expansion plans in the U.S. amid a global shortage of the chips used in phones, cars and video games. Biden said the announcement shows the U.S. is "in a better position than any nation...to seize these opportunities," and he hailed the passage of his bipartisan infrastructure legislation as one of the reasons.Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning' Biden and Kishida agree to 'push back' China's attempts to change status quo in East China Sea, SCS Biden and Kishida agree to 'push back' China's attempts to change status quo in East China Sea, SCSUS President Joe Biden and Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida have agreed to "push back" against China's attempts to change the status quo in the East China Sea and the South China Sea, and highlighted the importance of the Quad grouping as a critical forum for promoting a free and open Indo-Pacific region. Indian-origin head of White House military office quits citing personal reasons Indian-origin head of White House military office quits citing personal reasonsMaju Varghese, the Indian-origin director of the White House Military Office, has quit his post, citing personal reasons. In a series of tweets on Saturday, Varghese said leading the White House Military Office (WHMO) was the honour of a lifetime. US delivers around 2 lakh pounds of lethal aid to Ukraine US delivers around 2 lakh pounds of lethal aid to UkraineThe United States has delivered around 200,000 pounds of lethal aid to Ukraine as part of its first shipment of new military assistance directed by President Biden amid tensions at the Ukrainian-Russian border, the US embassy in Kiev said Biden plans new effort to retain international science and tech students Biden plans new effort to retain international science and tech studentsA program allowing those on student visas to stay for an extended period of training will also be expanded to areas such as data science, cloud computing and data visualization. "Other countries, most notably China, are using STEM talent to try to supplant the United States as the world's foremost scientific and technological innovator," one of the officials told reporters. World worse now due to COVID, climate, conflict: U.N. secretary-general, Antonio Guterres World worse now due to COVID, climate, conflict: U.N. secretary-general, Antonio GuterresGuterres said the U.N. Security Council, which does have the power to uphold international peace and security including by imposing sanctions and ordering military action, is divided, especially its five veto-wielding permanent members. Russia and China are often at odds with the U.S., Britain and France on key issues, including Thursday on new sanctions against North Korea. 'Minor incursion' by Russia could complicate West's response 'Minor incursion' by Russia could complicate West's responseAmong the possibilities for limited Russian military action: Putin could move much of the Russian ground force away from the border but further bolster the separatists who control the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine. That conflict has killed more than 14,000 people in nearly eight years of fighting. Kamala Harris will be his running mate in 2024, says President Biden Kamala Harris will be his running mate in 2024, says President BidenUS President Joe Biden has said that Vice President Kamala Harris would be his running mate if he stood for office again in 2024. President Biden made this emphatic assertion on Wednesday amid US media reports alleging dysfunction among her staff and doubt on her standing within the administration. Joe Biden shied away from news conferences, interviews in Year 1 Joe Biden shied away from news conferences, interviews in Year 1"I'm not supposed to be having this press conference right now," Biden said at the end of a meandering response that didn't directly answer the question about the West Virginia Democrat. Biden says Fed should 'recalibrate' policy as prices rise Biden says Fed should 'recalibrate' policy as prices riseFed policymakers have signaled they will raise interest rates several times this year, likely starting in March, to try to rein in inflation that's rising at its fastest pace in nearly 40 years. A reduction in the Fed's $8 trillion balance sheet could soon follow. President Biden confirms Kamala Harris would be running mate in 2024 President Biden confirms Kamala Harris would be running mate in 2024In mid-December, Harris said she and Biden had not yet discussed the 2024 election, amid speculation she may not be in the running for the White House if Biden chose not to stand again. 1 year in: Biden ready to talk through progress, setbacks 1 year in: Biden ready to talk through progress, setbacksStill, it is a perilous time for Biden: The nation is gripped by another disruptive surge of virus cases and inflation is at a level not seen in a generation. Biden's approval rating has fallen sharply over his first year in office and Democrats are bracing for a potential midterm rout if he can't turn things around. US is said to examine Alibaba's cloud unit for national security risks US is said to examine Alibaba's cloud unit for national security risksThe focus of the probe is on how Alibaba's cloud unit stores US clients' data, including personal information and intellectual property, and whether the Chinese government could gain access to it. Biden year one takeaways: Grand ambitions, humbling defeats Biden year one takeaways: Grand ambitions, humbling defeatsJoe Biden's long arc in public life has always had one final ambition: to sit behind the Resolute Desk of the Oval Office. He achieved it - albeit, at 78, as the oldest person to assume the US presidency. After the turbulence and chaos of his predecessor, Donald Trump, Biden was seen by voters as one who could restore a sense of normalcy and a reassuring tone to the White House. Joe Biden calls Donald Trump threat to democracy on anniversary of Capitol attack Joe Biden calls Donald Trump threat to democracy on anniversary of Capitol attackSpeaking at the white-domed building that was the scene of the Jan. 6, 2021, riot, Biden warned that Trump's false claims that the election was stolen from him through widespread voting fraud could unravel the rule of law and undermine future elections. Saudi energy minister: It's U.S. prerogative to draw on strategic oil reserves Saudi energy minister: It's U.S. prerogative to draw on strategic oil reservesSaudi Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman said on Monday that it was up to the United States whether or not it would release more supply from strategic petroleum reserves. Saudi energy minister says he is 'always comfortable' with oil prices Saudi energy minister says he is 'always comfortable' with oil pricesPresident Joe Biden's administration said in November it would release about 50 million barrels from its reserves in conjunction with other consumer nations, such as China, India and South Korea, to combat the rising cost of fuel. US to provide 500 million home tests as Omicron surges: President Joe Biden US to provide 500 million home tests as Omicron surges: President Joe BidenFighting the omicron variant surging through the U.S., President Joe Biden is redoubling vaccination and boosting efforts and announced Tuesday that the government would provide 500 million free rapid testsUS to provide 500 million home tests as Omicron surges: President Joe Biden Trump rallies faithful at 'MAGA Woodstock' Trump rallies faithful at 'MAGA Woodstock'Some of the faithful had arrived in the area days in advance from as far away as Florida or Texas, waiting to hear the former president trot out a familiar list of grievances. Their patience was soon rewarded. "We are done having our lives controlled by politicians in Washington. We are done with the mandates," he said, in reference to rules brought in to control the coronavirus pandemic. Everyone, meet Commander! Prez Joe Biden adds a new puppy to the family, Major to stay with friends Everyone, meet Commander! Prez Joe Biden adds a new puppy to the family, Major to stay with friendsThe first lady's office revealed that a cat will join Commander at the White House in Jan. US Chamber of Commerce chief wants more immigrants to check rising inflation US Chamber of Commerce chief wants more immigrants to check rising inflationUS Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell has flagged the risks associated with entrenched inflation. The central bank will start to tighten the noose around loose interest rates from this year. With its agenda stuck, White House puts focus back on infrastructure, says Joe Biden With its agenda stuck, White House puts focus back on infrastructure, says Joe BidenPresident Joe Biden on Friday tried to put behind recent setbacks on voting rights and his economic agenda by outlining progress made in implementing his $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure package.With its agenda stuck, White House puts focus back on infrastructure, says Joe Biden Biden asks businesses to push for COVID-19 shots Biden asks businesses to push for COVID-19 shotsAt a time when hospitals are being overrun and record numbers of people are getting infected with the omicron variant, the administration hopes states and companies will order their own vaccinate-or-test requirements. And if the presidential "bully pulpit"' still counts for persuasion, Biden intends to use it. What arms India arms the US, too What arms India arms the US, tooWhile Nato partner Turkey broke legacy norms by shopping Rosoboronexport products, India's 'historical ties' with Russia are no longer being perceived by the US as a deal-breaker. Containing Covid, unchaining economy Containing Covid, unchaining economyMuch like any health or natural emergency policy, Covid has to be negotiated with in the long term. Knowing when to dial up and dial down localised restrictions is necessary in such a 'permanent plan'. US discourages India from acquiring Russian S-400 missile defence systems: Prez Biden's nominee US discourages India from acquiring Russian S-400 missile defence systems: Prez Biden's nomineeThe US has already imposed sanctions on Turkey under the CAATSA for the purchase of a batch of S-400 missile defence systems from Russia. Following the US sanctions on Turkey over the procurement of S-400 missile systems, there were apprehensions that Washington may impose similar punitive measures on India. Russia has been one of India's key major suppliers of arms and ammunition. US inflation up 7% in 2021, highest level in four decades US inflation up 7% in 2021, highest level in four decadesInflation jumped at its fastest pace in nearly 40 years last month, a 7% spike from a year earlier that is increasing household expenses, eating into wage gains and heaping pressure on President Joe Biden and the Federal Reserve to address what has become the biggest threat to the U.S. economy.US inflation up 7% in 2021, highest level in four decades Watch: President Joe Biden visit hospitalized kids on Christmas Eve Watch: President Joe Biden visit hospitalized kids on Christmas EvePresident Joe Biden and first lady Jill Biden brought some Christmas Eve cheer to hospitalized children who aren't well enough to go home for holidays. (AP)Watch: President Joe Biden visit hospitalized kids on Christmas Eve Facebook loses request to throw out US monopoly case Facebook loses request to throw out US monopoly caseUS District Judge James Boasberg in Washington denied Facebook's motion to dismiss the Federal Trade Commission's revised antitrust complaint. Joe Biden says he is likely to run again in 2024 if Trump is his opponent Joe Biden says he is likely to run again in 2024 if Trump is his opponentWhen asked about whether he would stand for re-election, the 79-year-old Democrat responded that he would. "But look," he said. "I'm a great respecter of fate. Fate has intervened in my life many, many times. If I'm in the health I'm in now, if I'm in good health, then in fact I would run again." Biden endorses changing Senate rules to pass voting rights legislation; says 'I'm tired of being quiet' on voting rights Biden endorses changing Senate rules to pass voting rights legislation; says 'I'm tired of being quiet' on voting rightsIn an impassioned speech on protecting voting rights in America, U.S. President Joe Biden declared he's 'tired of being quiet,' and said he backs changing Senate rules to allow action on Democrats' voting bills.Biden endorses changing Senate rules to pass voting rights legislation; says 'I'm tired of being quiet' on voting rights US closely monitoring India-China border dispute: White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki US closely monitoring India-China border dispute: White House Press Secretary Jen PsakiPresident Joe Biden's administration is closely monitoring the India-China border dispute, informed White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki on Monday (local time), adding that the US is "concerned" by China's attempt to intimidate its neighbours. “We continue to closely monitor the situation. We continue to support dialogue and peaceful resolution of these border disputes. We have been pretty clear how we view Beijing's behavior in region around the world: White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki on India-China border dispute,” she added.US closely monitoring India-China border dispute: White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki President Joe Biden warns of illness and death as omicron surges President Joe Biden warns of illness and death as omicron surgesWarning the omicron variant of the coronavirus "is here," President Joe Biden predicts a "winter of severe illness and death" for those who are still unvaccinated and implores Americans anew to get their shots and boosters. (AP)President Joe Biden warns of illness and death as omicron surges US President Joe Biden extends moratorium on student loan repayments US President Joe Biden extends moratorium on student loan repaymentsThe move is expected to impact the student debt of some 41 million people. "We know that millions of student loan borrowers are still coping with the impacts of the pandemic and need some more time before resuming payments," Biden said in a statement released by the White House. New York Port hustles to cut rare logjam amid Covid labor woes New York Port hustles to cut rare logjam amid Covid labor woesThe New York area’s port terminals have largely avoided backlogs like those gripping the twin gateways of Los Angeles and Long Beach, California, where scores of vessels are still running into delays of more than three weeks to offload. As Omicron variant spreads, Joe Biden announces winter campaign to battle Covid-19 As Omicron variant spreads, Joe Biden announces winter campaign to battle Covid-19US President Joe Biden announced a winter campaign against Covid-19, with new testing requirements for travellers and a surge in vaccination efforts. The winter campaign comes amid the backdrop of the new Omicron variant, which threatens to revive the pandemic. Unveiling a raft of actions designed to tamp down Covid-19 in the coming months, he urged his political rivals- to unite behind the strategy. WatchAs Omicron variant spreads, Joe Biden announces winter campaign to battle Covid-19 Hard times loom for US economy as job growth disappoints Hard times loom for US economy as job growth disappointsAnalysts had forecast a much more robust gain in payrolls, but the result fell far short, instead showing other key metrics like labor market participation and racial employment disparities making little improvement last month. President Joe Biden sounds alarms at health of global democracy President Joe Biden sounds alarms at health of global democracyPresident Joe Biden opens the first White House Summit for Democracy by sounding an alarm about a global slide for democratic institutions and called for world leaders to “lock arms” and demonstrate democracies can deliver. (AP)President Joe Biden sounds alarms at health of global democracy Ten points of tension between Vladimir Putin and Joe Biden Ten points of tension between Vladimir Putin and Joe BidenThe United States has accused Russia's ally Belarus of "weaponising" migrants from the Middle East by encouraging thousands of them to try to enter the European Union from its territory, creating a crisis for the EU. Russia has backed Belarus leader Alexander Lukashenko, including by sending nuclear-capable warplanes to patrol Belarusian airspace. US President Joe Biden talks sanctions, Vladimir Putin warns of rupture over Ukraine US President Joe Biden talks sanctions, Vladimir Putin warns of rupture over UkraineThe two leaders spoke frankly for nearly an hour Thursday amid growing alarm over Russia's troop buildup near Ukraine, a crisis that has deepened as the Kremlin has stiffened its insistence on border security guarantees and test-fired hypersonic missiles to underscore its demands. Biden talks sanctions, Putin warns of rupture over Ukraine Biden talks sanctions, Putin warns of rupture over UkraineWhite House press secretary Jen Psaki said Biden "urged Russia to de-escalate tensions with Ukraine" and "made clear that the United States and its allies and partners will respond decisively if Russia further invades Ukraine." 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Ltd. All rights reserved. For reprint rights: Times Syndication Service Joe Biden The Big Budget SaleGet APP HomeQuickReadsBudget 2022ETPrimeMarketsNewsIndustryRISEPoliticsWealthMFTechJobsOpinionNRIPanacheET NOWPortfolio It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden President Joe Biden said Monday "it'd be wise" for Americans other than essential diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the Russian military threat. Biden made his comments during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz at the White House, shortly after the two leaders met for talks about the simmering crisis.It 'would be wise' for Americans to leave Ukraine: Joe Biden View: Ukraine, a second test for Joe Biden European allies are all over the map on how to handle the crisis with the three biggest - Germany, France and Britain - pulling in different directions. The rest are lining up depending on their geography and history with Russia. ADVERTISEMENT Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin to speak as Ukraine warnings mount Moscow has repeatedly disputed Washington's version of events, saying it has massed more than 100,000 troops near the Ukrainian border to maintain its own security against aggression by NATO allies. Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden conclude hourlong call on Ukraine crisis Biden planned once again to call on Putin to de-escalate and pull back the well over 100,000 Russia troops that have massed near Ukraine's borders. ADVERTISEMENT President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine President Joe Biden told Russia’s Vladimir Putin that invading Ukraine would cause “widespread human suffering” and that the West was committed to diplomacy to end the crisis. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Vladimir Putin of 'severe costs' of invading Ukraine Caught on hot mic: US president Joe Biden throws expletive at scribe, apologises later but White House lets it slide A reporter had asked Biden whether inflation is a political liability when the gaffe happened. ADVERTISEMENT Vladimir Putin, Joe Biden begin high-stakes phone call on Ukraine crisis A State Department travel advisory on Saturday said most American staff at the Kyiv embassy have been ordered to leave and other U.S. citizens should depart the country immediately as well. 'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House The White House said Monday the "path for diplomacy" with Russia remains open, but warned anew, "we are in the window when an invasion could begin at any time." White House deputy press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said new Russian forces have been arriving at the border with Ukraine "every day," adding, "it remains unclear" which path Russian President Vladimir Putin will take.'Path for diplomacy' with Russia remains open: White House Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba on Sunday called on Russia to hold a meeting within the next 48 hours to discuss Moscow's military buildup along its borders. Biden in a roughly hour-long call with Zelensky assured of US help to Ukraine any further Russian aggression, according to a White House readout. The call came amid US warnings that a Russian invasion of Ukraine could happen as soon as this week.Ukraine seeks meeting with Russia; US warns of the Russian invasion Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment President Joe Biden said he had a "very, very, very good meeting" Monday with European allies on the Russian military buildup and potential responses to an invasion. Speaking in the White House East Room, Biden there is "total unanimity with all the European leaders" about next steps. The president made the comments during a meeting with his Competition Council, aimed at promoting economic competition and reducing prices for American consumers.Joe Biden lashes out at Fox reporter in hot mic moment US: No 'cause for optimism' after Biden-Putin talks on Ukraine Pentagon spokesman John Kirby offered a grim assessment of the one-hour phone conversation Saturday between US President Joe Biden and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin. Biden and Ukraine's Zelenskiy to discuss security on Sunday Sergii Nykyforov said on Facebook the two leaders "would discuss the security situation and ongoing diplomatic de-escalation efforts". US, Japan, South Korea meet in Hawaii to discuss threat posed by North Korea's nuclear missile test The Security Council initially imposed sanctions on North Korea after its first nuclear test in 2006. It made them tougher in response to further nuclear tests and the country's increasingly sophisticated nuclear and ballistic missile programs. China and Russia, citing the North's economic difficulties, have called for lifting sanctions like those banning seafood exports and prohibitions on its citizens working overseas and sending home their earnings. 5 things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Russia has amassed an estimated 100,000 troops along its border with Ukraine over the past several months. The U.S. has responded by sending several thousand troops to two of Ukraine's neighboring countries: Poland and Romania. Severe consequences for Russia if it were to move into Ukraine: Joe Biden "I have made it clear early on to President (Vladimir) Putin that if he were to move into Ukraine, there would be severe consequences, including significant economic sanctions, as well as I would feel obliged to beef up our presence -- NATO's presence on the eastern front: Poland, Romania etc.," Biden told reporters. US' Indo-Pacific paper says India strong partner The strategy cites the "mounting challenges" posed by the rise of China as a key driver of the "intensifying American focus" in the Indo-Pacific, with "a strong India" as a partner in a regional vision. U.S. moves to free $3.5 billion in frozen Afghan assets to aid Afghanistan's people The multi-step plan calls for the other half of the funds to remain in the United States, subject to ongoing litigation by U.S. victims of terrorism, including relatives of those who died in the Sept. 11, 2001, hijacking attacks, the sources said. President Joe Biden has long been preparing for a Supreme Court pick Biden said as a presidential candidate that if he were given the chance to nominate someone to the court, he would make history by choosing a Black woman. And word on Wednesday that Justice Stephen Breyer plans to retire should give Biden that opportunity. Everyone wants to manufacture semiconductors. Now, EU rolls out billion dollar plan The EU move mirrors U.S. President Joe Biden's $52 billion push to invest in a national chip-producing sector to make sure more production occurs in the United States. Angelina Jolie urges US lawmakers to pass domestic violence law, says normalising abuse at home is the 'ugly truth' The star has accused her ex-husband, Brad Pitt, of intentionally hitting their son Maddox. After months of complaint by Elon Musk, Biden acknowledges Tesla "From iconic companies like GM and Ford building out new electric vehicle production to Tesla, our nation's largest electric vehicle manufacturer, to innovative younger companies," Biden said, adding other startups and saying manufacturing is coming "back to America after decades." Joe Biden to meet Qatar leader as energy worries loom in Europe Qatar is one of the world's larger suppliers of liquefied natural gas and is among countries that the US is hoping could aid Europe should a Russian invasion of Ukraine lead to Moscow stemming the flow of energy. Biden's pandemic fight: Inside the setbacks of the first year Vaccines had been the core of President Joe Biden's pandemic strategy from the moment he took office. But as Walensky was briefed about a cluster of breakthrough cases in Provincetown, Massachusetts, the reality sank in. The delta variant, which had ravaged other parts of the world, was taking hold in the United States. And being vaccinated would not, it turned out, prevent people from becoming infected with the variant or transmitting it. Biden threatens: No gas pipeline if Russia invades Ukraine Putin and French President Emmanuel Macron met for more than five hours in Moscow at the same time Biden and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz spoke at the White House in efforts to defuse the crisis before armed conflict breaks out. Russia has massed thousands of troops at the Ukraine border, adding military might almost daily. Joe Biden comforts victims of Colorado wildfire Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US President Joe Biden said Sunday he would not speculate on further steps his administration is willing to take amid ongoing tensions with Russia over Ukraine. As he returned to the White House, Biden told reporters Russian President Vladimir Putin was seeking "things he cannot get" from ongoing diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis.Ukraine tensions: Biden says Putin is after 'things he cannot get' US president Joe Biden sending more troops to Europe amid Ukraine tension Fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine have mounted in recent months, after Putin deployed more than 100,000 troops to areas near Ukraine's borders, including in neighbouring Belarus, backed by tanks, artillery, helicopters and warplanes. US Covid related death toll passes grim milestone due to Omicron surge President Biden's approval rating hits new low at one year mark, according to AP-NORC poll The latest poll shows that Americans' confidence in Biden's handling of the pandemic - seen as a strength early in his administration - has further eroded as the omicron variant strains the health care system and further exhausts an American electorate that had hoped life would be back to a semblance of normalcy by now. Biden says 'not there yet' on lifting China tariffs "I'd like to be in a position where I can say they're meeting the commitments, more of their commitments and be able to lift some of it," Biden said. President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Seeking to clarify his comments a day earlier that a “minor incursion” by Russia would elicit a lesser response, President Joe Biden warned Russian President Vladimir Putin he will pay "a heavy price" for any aggressive action toward Ukraine. (AP)President Joe Biden warns Putin on any aggression toward Ukraine Explainer: Why Europe lacks voice, power in Ukraine crisis Scarred by losing tens of millions of lives on their soil in two world wars, many European Union nations have been wary ever since about military spending. Now, as Russian pressure builds at the Ukrainian border, they face a painful reality: Europe remains heavily reliant on U.S. might to deter another potentially big conflict on its turf. Indian-American body urges Biden to reject appointment of Masood Khan as Pak envoy to US A top Indian diaspora group has urged US President Joe Biden to reject the appointment of Masood Khan as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States, alleging that the diplomat is a sympathiser and supporter of terrorist groups. Fed nominees say inflation is 'grave threat,' vow to fight "Our most important task is tackling inflation," Michigan State University economics professor Lisa Cook, one of three Fed nominees up for a confirmation hearing at the U.S. Senate on Thursday, said in her prepared remarks. US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House The White House announced Wednesday President Joe Biden is ordering 2,000 U.S.-based troops to Poland and Germany and shifting 1,000 more from Germany to Romania, demonstrating to both allies and foes America's commitment to NATO's eastern flank amid fears of a Russian invasion of Ukraine.US troops heading to Europe to reassure allies: White House Congressman urges Biden to reject Pak's ambassador-designate; terms him ‘terrorist sympathiser' Khan, who has previously served as the “president” of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) until August last year, was nominated as Pakistan's ambassador to the US in November. View: One year of Joe Biden On the plus side, the US rejoined the Paris climate accord and the World Health Organisation (WHO), extended the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) with Russia for five years, led the effort to institute a global minimum tax on corporations, re-engaged allies and partners, held the first Quad summit and persuaded the EU to put the China trade deal on ice. Joe Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin Biden faces a complicated and globally more dangerous task: keeping the West unified as it faces what White House officials say is an increasingly likely further invasion of Ukrainian territory. President Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron President Joe Biden announced Thursday the government will distribute 1 billion rapid, at-home COVID-19 tests free to Americans, along with the most protective N95 masks, as the White House looks to fight the spike in coronavirus casesPresident Joe Biden announces free masks, tests to fight omicron US president Joe Biden answers inflation query by calling Fox reporter SOB His comments were captured on video and by the microphone in front of him. Doocy laughed it off in a subsequent appearance on his network, joking, "Nobody has fact-checked him yet and said it's not true." Meet Willow, the newest addition to the Biden family The green-eyed canine joins long and varied line of White House pets. Russia's risky options following Ukraine attack Russia, which is seeking a pledge that NATO won't expand to include Ukraine, has options it could pursue short of a full-blown invasion, and other ways to lash out at the U.S. and its allies. All of them carry varying degrees of risk, to Russia and the world. France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia have agreed to sit down for talks in two weeks, an effort aimed at reviving a 2015 agreement to ease the conflict in eastern Ukraine. Some fear this complicates efforts by the U.S. and NATO to show a united front against Russia. President Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' President Biden visited a bridge that collapsed in Pittsburgh just hours before his visit to deliver remarks on infrastructure. The president pledged to rebuild it and fix other bridges across the countryPresident Joe Biden visits collapsed Pittsburgh bridge, says 'We're going to fix them all' Joe Biden administration to scrap Trump plan for wider Alaska oil drilling Official notice of the change will come in a notice to be filed on Monday in federal court in Alaska, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), a division of Department of the Interior, said in a statement. U.S. economy likely regained steam in Q4, 2021 growth seen best in 37 years U.S. economic growth likely accelerated in the fourth quarter as businesses replenished depleted inventories to meet strong demand for goods, helping the nation to log its best performance in nearly four decades in 2021. North Korea fires two suspected missiles in 6th launch in 2022 North Korea has upped its testing activity recently in an apparent effort to pressure the Joe Biden administration in the US amid long-stalled nuclear talks. US delivers written response to Russia's security demands Washington has made clear that Russian demands for NATO to pull back troops and weapons from eastern Europe and bar Ukraine from ever joining are non-starters. It says it is ready to discuss other topics such as arms control and confidence-building measures. Biden's big test: Proving he can rally allies against Putin President Joe Biden's effort to rally support, both at home and abroad, ahead of a potential Russian invasion of Ukraine is just the latest big test of his ability to bridge ideological gaps and balance competing interests to build effective coalitions. U.S. companies push Biden, Congress for caution on Russia sanctions A trade group representing Chevron, General Electric and other big U.S. corporations that do business in Russia is asking the White House to consider allowing companies to fulfill commitments and to weigh exempting products as it crafts any sanctions. At the same time, big energy companies are pushing Congress to limit their scope and time frame. Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensions Russia launches new military drills amid Ukraine tensionsWith the West already accusing Moscow of massing more than 100,000 soldiers on the Ukrainian border, the Russian military said it had launched drills involving 6,000 troops in the south and in the Crimean peninsula annexed by Moscow in 2014. 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US 'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: USThe U.S. State department said if Russia invades Ukraine, it would be met by a response that's not only "swift, severe and united," but also "unprecedented in its approach." Earlier, President Joe Biden told reporters that Russian President Vladimir Putin “continues to build forces along Ukraine’s border,” and an attack “would be the largest invasion since World War II. It would change the world.”'Unprecedented' response if Russia invades: US Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be needed Fauci says 'prudent' to have Omicron vaccine, but may not be neededA COVID-19 vaccine specifically targeting the Omicron variant would be "prudent" even if it ultimately may not be needed, the top U.S. infectious disease official said on Tuesday as Pfizer Inc and BioNTech SE announced such a clinical trial. US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflationPresident Joe Biden called on the Federal Reserve to do more to fight inflation by pulling back on its monetary boosting of the US economy.US Economy: Joe Biden says he backs Fed's plan to fight inflation US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worry US orders 8,500 troops on heightened alert amid Russia worryPutting the U.S.-based troops on heightened alert for Europe suggested diminishing hope that Russian President Vladimir Putin will back away from what Biden himself has said looks like a threat to invade neighboring Ukraine. Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022 Global supply chains near make-or-break point for easing in 2022From Europe to the U.S. and China, production and transportation have stayed bogged down in the early days of 2022 by labor and parts shortages, in part because of the fast-spreading omicron variant. White House to hold second Competition Council meet White House to hold second Competition Council meetThe White House did not confirm the meeting would take place but said President Joe Biden would meet on Monday "with members of his administration on efforts to lower prices for working families." Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involved Five things to know about why Russia might invade Ukraine - and why the US is involvedUkraine's layered history offers a window into the complex nation it is today - and why it is continuously under threat. As an Eastern Europe expert, I highlight five key points to keep in mind. Joe Biden to deliver first State of the Union address on March 1 Joe Biden to deliver first State of the Union address on March 1The speech is normally timed for January, and occasionally for February. The delay is driven in part by a busy legislative calendar, a winter spike in COVID-19 cases from the more transmissible omicron variant and the upcoming Winter Olympics, which ties up broadcast network time. Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pill Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pillPresident Joe Biden urged concern but not alarm Tuesday as the U.S. set new records for daily reported COVID-19 cases and his administration struggled to ease concerns about testing shortages, school closures and other disruptions caused by the surging omicron variant. The United States government doubled its order for Pfizer’s COVID pills on Tuesday, a move that will modestly increase the nation’s very limited supplies of the treatment in the short term amid a record-setting surge in coronavirus cases.Joe Biden addresses omicron surge concerns, confusion; to increase supply of ‘Game Changer’ Pfizer pill Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning' Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning'U.S. President Joe Biden on Friday hailed an announcement by Intel Corp. that it will construct a $20 billion factory outside Columbus, Ohio, creating 7,000 construction jobs and an additional 3,000 permanent jobs. Intel is the latest semiconductor company to announce expansion plans in the U.S. amid a global shortage of the chips used in phones, cars and video games. Biden said the announcement shows the U.S. is "in a better position than any nation...to seize these opportunities," and he hailed the passage of his bipartisan infrastructure legislation as one of the reasons.Intel plans $20bn semiconductor plant in Ohio, Biden says 'this is just the beginning' Biden and Kishida agree to 'push back' China's attempts to change status quo in East China Sea, SCS Biden and Kishida agree to 'push back' China's attempts to 0 COMMENTS Add a comment... 0/2000 COMMENT 1m07s Chrystia Freeland: "The names of both individuals and entities as well as crypto w

The dog or domestic dog is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Sy C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenova Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Further information: Canis lupus dingo § Taxonomic debate – the domestic dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog,"[14] and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus.[2] Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid.[15] In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other.[16] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linneaus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision.[3] Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade[17] with some debating it.[18] In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4] Evolution Main article: Evolution of the wolf Location of a dog's carnassials; the inside of the 4th upper premolar aligns with the outside of the 1st lower molar, working like scissor blades The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred 65 million years ago and brought an end to the dinosaurs and the appearance of the first carnivorans.[19] The name carnivoran is given to a member of the order Carnivora. Carnivorans possess a common arrangement of teeth called carnassials, in which the first lower molar and the last upper premolar possess blade-like enamel crowns that act similar to a pair of shears for cutting meat. This dental arrangement has been modified by adaptation over the past 60 million years for diets composed of meat, for crushing vegetation, or for the loss of the carnassial function altogether as in seals, sea lions, and walruses. Today, not all carnivorans are carnivores, such as the insect-eating Aardwolf.[5] The carnivoran ancestors of the dog-like caniforms and the cat-like feliforms began their separate evolutionary paths just after the end of the dinosaurs. The first members of the dog family Canidae appeared 40 million years ago,[20] of which only its subfamily the Caninae survives today in the form of the wolf-like and fox-like canines. Within the Caninae, the first members of genus Canis appeared six million years ago,[14] the ancestors of modern domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, and golden jackals. Domestication Main article: Origin of the domestic dog The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany. Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf.[21] The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks. The dog had died of canine distemper.[22] Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated[23] because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene.[1] This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated[9][8] in the time of hunter–gatherers,[7] which predates agriculture.[1] DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage.[6][7] Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kessleroch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago. The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago.[24] This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog,[8][1][25] with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication.[23][26] The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades.[9] Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia.[10] In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia.[21] Breeds Main article: Dog breed Further information: Dog type Dog breeds show a range of phenotypic variation Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds.[10] In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes.[8] Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years,[8][10] and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour.[8] Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting,[8] retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression,[10] which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs.[8] As a result, today dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world.[10] The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.[7] Biology Anatomy Main article: Dog anatomy Skeleton A lateral view of a dog skeleton All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types.[27][28] The dog’s skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility.[27][28] Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog’s skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis.[28] Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three.[27] The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types.[28][29] The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls.[28][29] Senses Further information: Dog anatomy § Senses A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and sensitivity to Earth's magnetic field. Another study has suggested that dogs can see Earth's magnetic field.[30] Coat Main article: Coat (dog) Dogs display wide variation in coat type, density, length, color, and composition The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single," with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze," stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.[31] Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals.[32] Tail There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. Health Main article: Dog health Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs. Several human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol.[33] The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs. Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.[34][page needed] Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.[citation needed] Lifespan Further information: Aging in dogs The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years.[35][36] The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.[35][36][37] For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs.[38] Reproduction Main article: Canine reproduction A female dog nursing newborn puppies In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter.[13] Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable.[39][40] Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization,[13][41] with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies.[42] Neutering Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized.[43] According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year.[44] Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.[45] Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs.[46] Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs.[47][page needed] However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs[48] and prostate cancer in males[49] and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.[50] Inbreeding depression A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g., between half and full siblings).[51] Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations.[52] Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.[53] In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival.[54] Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.[55] In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding.[56] Behavior Main article: Dog behavior See also: Dog behavior § Behavior compared with other canids Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli.[57] As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors.[12] Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills.[58] Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.[59][60] In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response[60][61] (i.e., selection for tameness) and emotional processing.[60] Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves.[60][62] Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation.[60] Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability.[63] Intelligence Main article: Dog intelligence Dog intelligence is the dog's ability to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills. A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure. A study of another Border Collie, "Chaser," documented his learning and memory capabilities. He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.[64] Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing and human voice commands. One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats.[65] One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focussed on the "what" of a task rather than the "where".[66] Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception.[67] An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined up with humans.[68] Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not.[69] Communication Main article: Dog communication Dog sounds (0:14) A dog making noises and barking Problems playing this file? See media help. Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting.[70]: xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture. Ecology Population The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment.[71][72] In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million[73] and 987 million.[74] About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries.[75] In the developing world, dogs are more commonly feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon. Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%).[76] Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.[77] Competitors and predators Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans.[71] For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves.[78][79] Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.[78][80] Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together.[81] In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.[82] Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.[78] Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size.[83] Siberian tigers in the Amur river region have killed dogs in the middle of villages. This indicates that the dogs were targeted. Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way.[84] Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range.[85] Diet See also: Dog food A Golden Retriever gnawing on a pig's foot Dogs have been described as omnivores.[13][86][87] Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.[11] Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet.[88] However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh. Also, more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain its nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores.[89] Range As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included: The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands,[90] Palau[91] and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro,[92] the Marshall Islands,[93] the Gilbert Islands,[93] New Caledonia,[94] Vanuatu,[94][95] Tonga,[95] Marquesas,[95] Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island,[95] the Chatham Islands[96] and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships).[97] Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections.[98] Roles with humans Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today.[99] The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals. This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.[100][101] Pets Siberian Huskies are pack animals that still enjoy some human companionship It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon.[102][page needed] "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs"[103] and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history.[104] Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased.[104] In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today[105](the expression "in the doghouse" - recorded since 1932[106] - to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians.[107][page needed] People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives[108][page needed] to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced.[109] There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status. The first has been "commodification," shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior.[109] The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.[109] A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion.[110] The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries.[110] Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.[111] The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack.[109] Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships. However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions.[112] Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other.[113] Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.[110] According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77.5 million people in the United States have pet dogs.[114] The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs. Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters.[114] A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.[115] Workers Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),[116][page needed][13] hunting (hounds, pointers)[117][page needed] and rodent control (terriers).[13] Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs,[118] detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs[119] or chemical weapons;[120] guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads.[13] In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight.[121][122] Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities.[123][124] Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.[125] Athletes and models See also: Conformation show People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions. In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Food Main article: Dog meat Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea,[126][page needed] China[100] Vietnam[101] and the Philippines,[127] which dates back to antiquity.[128] Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year.[129] In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat.[130] Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog. As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward.[131] Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland.[132] Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland[133][134] and Central Asia.[135][136] Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat.[137][138][139][140] In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.[141] The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy. A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken.[141] Health risks Further information: Dog attack, Canine vector-borne disease, and Dog bite prevention In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59.6% in Asia and 36.4% in Africa. Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector.[142] Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year. Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck. They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate.[143] Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.[144] In the U.S., cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.[145] It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U.K. hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.[146] Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.[147] Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision.[148] Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.[149][150] Health benefits Walking a dog Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders. Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes. Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans. The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways.[10] The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being.[151] Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being[152] have been criticized for being poorly controlled.[153] It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.[154] A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets."[151] In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition. This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.[155] People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term.[155] Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival. Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.[156] The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors.[157][158] The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety.[159] Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans.[160] One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not.[161] In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.[162] Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders.[163] Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease.[164] One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program.[165] Cultural importance Main articles: Cultural depictions of dogs and Dogs in religion Further information: List of fictional dogs Cerberus, with the gluttons in Dante's Third Circle of Hell. William Blake. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love.[166] In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine,[167] and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her.[167] In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection.[167] In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.[168] In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.[168] Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies[169][170] and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion.[169][170] In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades.[168] Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate.[171] In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim.[168] In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge.[168] In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn.[168] In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka.[172] In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.[168] Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the hallow's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that.[173] As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis).[173] In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege.[174] Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets.[175] Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.[175] The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean,[168] although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet."[176] Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets.[177] Terminology Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same.[178] Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies).[179] Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old.[180] Sire – the male parent of a litter.[180] Dam – the female parent of a litter.[180] Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping.[180] Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth.[180] Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam.[180] See also Lists of dogs Dog–cat relationship Dognapping Cynanthropy Domesticated silver fox Miller's Anatomy of the Dog Dogs portal Mammals portal References Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. 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The dog or domestic dog is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Sy C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenova Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Further information: Canis lupus dingo § Taxonomic debate – the domestic dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog,"[14] and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus.[2] Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid.[15] In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other.[16] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linneaus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision.[3] Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade[17] with some debating it.[18] In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4] Evolution Main article: Evolution of the wolf Location of a dog's carnassials; the inside of the 4th upper premolar aligns with the outside of the 1st lower molar, working like scissor blades The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred 65 million years ago and brought an end to the dinosaurs and the appearance of the first carnivorans.[19] The name carnivoran is given to a member of the order Carnivora. Carnivorans possess a common arrangement of teeth called carnassials, in which the first lower molar and the last upper premolar possess blade-like enamel crowns that act similar to a pair of shears for cutting meat. This dental arrangement has been modified by adaptation over the past 60 million years for diets composed of meat, for crushing vegetation, or for the loss of the carnassial function altogether as in seals, sea lions, and walruses. Today, not all carnivorans are carnivores, such as the insect-eating Aardwolf.[5] The carnivoran ancestors of the dog-like caniforms and the cat-like feliforms began their separate evolutionary paths just after the end of the dinosaurs. The first members of the dog family Canidae appeared 40 million years ago,[20] of which only its subfamily the Caninae survives today in the form of the wolf-like and fox-like canines. Within the Caninae, the first members of genus Canis appeared six million years ago,[14] the ancestors of modern domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, and golden jackals. Domestication Main article: Origin of the domestic dog The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany. Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf.[21] The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks. The dog had died of canine distemper.[22] Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated[23] because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene.[1] This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated[9][8] in the time of hunter–gatherers,[7] which predates agriculture.[1] DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage.[6][7] Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kessleroch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago. The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago.[24] This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog,[8][1][25] with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication.[23][26] The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades.[9] Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia.[10] In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia.[21] Breeds Main article: Dog breed Further information: Dog type Dog breeds show a range of phenotypic variation Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds.[10] In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes.[8] Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years,[8][10] and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour.[8] Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting,[8] retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression,[10] which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs.[8] As a result, today dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world.[10] The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.[7] Biology Anatomy Main article: Dog anatomy Skeleton A lateral view of a dog skeleton All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types.[27][28] The dog’s skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility.[27][28] Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog’s skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis.[28] Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three.[27] The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types.[28][29] The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls.[28][29] Senses Further information: Dog anatomy § Senses A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and sensitivity to Earth's magnetic field. Another study has suggested that dogs can see Earth's magnetic field.[30] Coat Main article: Coat (dog) Dogs display wide variation in coat type, density, length, color, and composition The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single," with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze," stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.[31] Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals.[32] Tail There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. Health Main article: Dog health Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs. Several human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol.[33] The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs. Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.[34][page needed] Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.[citation needed] Lifespan Further information: Aging in dogs The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years.[35][36] The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.[35][36][37] For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs.[38] Reproduction Main article: Canine reproduction A female dog nursing newborn puppies In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter.[13] Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable.[39][40] Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization,[13][41] with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies.[42] Neutering Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized.[43] According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year.[44] Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.[45] Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs.[46] Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs.[47][page needed] However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs[48] and prostate cancer in males[49] and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.[50] Inbreeding depression A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g., between half and full siblings).[51] Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations.[52] Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.[53] In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival.[54] Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.[55] In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding.[56] Behavior Main article: Dog behavior See also: Dog behavior § Behavior compared with other canids Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli.[57] As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors.[12] Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills.[58] Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.[59][60] In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response[60][61] (i.e., selection for tameness) and emotional processing.[60] Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves.[60][62] Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation.[60] Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability.[63] Intelligence Main article: Dog intelligence Dog intelligence is the dog's ability to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills. A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure. A study of another Border Collie, "Chaser," documented his learning and memory capabilities. He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.[64] Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing and human voice commands. One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats.[65] One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focussed on the "what" of a task rather than the "where".[66] Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception.[67] An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined up with humans.[68] Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not.[69] Communication Main article: Dog communication Dog sounds (0:14) A dog making noises and barking Problems playing this file? See media help. Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting.[70]: xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture. Ecology Population The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment.[71][72] In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million[73] and 987 million.[74] About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries.[75] In the developing world, dogs are more commonly feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon. Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%).[76] Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.[77] Competitors and predators Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans.[71] For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves.[78][79] Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.[78][80] Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together.[81] In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.[82] Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.[78] Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size.[83] Siberian tigers in the Amur river region have killed dogs in the middle of villages. This indicates that the dogs were targeted. Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way.[84] Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range.[85] Diet See also: Dog food A Golden Retriever gnawing on a pig's foot Dogs have been described as omnivores.[13][86][87] Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.[11] Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet.[88] However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh. Also, more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain its nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores.[89] Range As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included: The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands,[90] Palau[91] and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro,[92] the Marshall Islands,[93] the Gilbert Islands,[93] New Caledonia,[94] Vanuatu,[94][95] Tonga,[95] Marquesas,[95] Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island,[95] the Chatham Islands[96] and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships).[97] Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections.[98] Roles with humans Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today.[99] The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals. This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.[100][101] Pets Siberian Huskies are pack animals that still enjoy some human companionship It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon.[102][page needed] "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs"[103] and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history.[104] Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased.[104] In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today[105](the expression "in the doghouse" - recorded since 1932[106] - to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians.[107][page needed] People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives[108][page needed] to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced.[109] There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status. The first has been "commodification," shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior.[109] The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.[109] A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion.[110] The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries.[110] Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.[111] The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack.[109] Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships. However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions.[112] Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other.[113] Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.[110] According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77.5 million people in the United States have pet dogs.[114] The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs. Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters.[114] A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.[115] Workers Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),[116][page needed][13] hunting (hounds, pointers)[117][page needed] and rodent control (terriers).[13] Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs,[118] detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs[119] or chemical weapons;[120] guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads.[13] In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight.[121][122] Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities.[123][124] Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.[125] Athletes and models See also: Conformation show People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions. In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Food Main article: Dog meat Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea,[126][page needed] China[100] Vietnam[101] and the Philippines,[127] which dates back to antiquity.[128] Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year.[129] In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat.[130] Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog. As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward.[131] Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland.[132] Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland[133][134] and Central Asia.[135][136] Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat.[137][138][139][140] In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.[141] The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy. A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken.[141] Health risks Further information: Dog attack, Canine vector-borne disease, and Dog bite prevention In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59.6% in Asia and 36.4% in Africa. Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector.[142] Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year. Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck. They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate.[143] Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.[144] In the U.S., cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.[145] It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U.K. hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.[146] Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.[147] Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision.[148] Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.[149][150] Health benefits Walking a dog Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders. Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes. Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans. The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways.[10] The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being.[151] Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being[152] have been criticized for being poorly controlled.[153] It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.[154] A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets."[151] In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition. This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.[155] People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term.[155] Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival. Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.[156] The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors.[157][158] The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety.[159] Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans.[160] One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not.[161] In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.[162] Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders.[163] Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease.[164] One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program.[165] Cultural importance Main articles: Cultural depictions of dogs and Dogs in religion Further information: List of fictional dogs Cerberus, with the gluttons in Dante's Third Circle of Hell. William Blake. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love.[166] In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine,[167] and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her.[167] In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection.[167] In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.[168] In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.[168] Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies[169][170] and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion.[169][170] In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades.[168] Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate.[171] In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim.[168] In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge.[168] In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn.[168] In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka.[172] In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.[168] Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the hallow's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that.[173] As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis).[173] In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege.[174] Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets.[175] Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.[175] The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean,[168] although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet."[176] Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets.[177] Terminology Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same.[178] Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies).[179] Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old.[180] Sire – the male parent of a litter.[180] Dam – the female parent of a litter.[180] Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping.[180] Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth.[180] Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam.[180] See also Lists of dogs Dog–cat relationship Dognapping Cynanthropy Domesticated silver fox Miller's Anatomy of the Dog Dogs portal Mammals portal References Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. 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Pajic, Petar; Pavlidis, Pavlos; Dean, Kirsten; Neznanova, Lubov; Romano, Rose-Anne; Garneau, Danielle; Daugherity, Erin; Globig, Anja; Ruhl, Stefan; Gokcumen, Omer (14 May 2019). "Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals". eLife. 8. doi:10.7554/eLife.44628. PMC 6516957. PMID 31084707. Lay summary. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |lay-url= (help) Fascetti, Andrea J.; Delaney, Sean J., eds. (2012). "7". Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-813-80657-0. Hung, H.; Carson, Mike T.; Bellwood, Peter; et al. (2011). "The first settlement of Remote Oceania: The Philippines to the Marianas". Antiquity. 85 (#329): 909–926. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00068393. Osborne, Douglas (1966). The archaeology of the Palau Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. Vol. 230. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-910240-58-1. Intoh, Michiko; Shigehara, Nobuo (2004). 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The dog or domestic dog is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Sy C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenova Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Further information: Canis lupus dingo § Taxonomic debate – the domestic dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog,"[14] and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus.[2] Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid.[15] In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other.[16] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linneaus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision.[3] Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade[17] with some debating it.[18] In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4] Evolution Main article: Evolution of the wolf Location of a dog's carnassials; the inside of the 4th upper premolar aligns with the outside of the 1st lower molar, working like scissor blades The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred 65 million years ago and brought an end to the dinosaurs and the appearance of the first carnivorans.[19] The name carnivoran is given to a member of the order Carnivora. Carnivorans possess a common arrangement of teeth called carnassials, in which the first lower molar and the last upper premolar possess blade-like enamel crowns that act similar to a pair of shears for cutting meat. This dental arrangement has been modified by adaptation over the past 60 million years for diets composed of meat, for crushing vegetation, or for the loss of the carnassial function altogether as in seals, sea lions, and walruses. Today, not all carnivorans are carnivores, such as the insect-eating Aardwolf.[5] The carnivoran ancestors of the dog-like caniforms and the cat-like feliforms began their separate evolutionary paths just after the end of the dinosaurs. The first members of the dog family Canidae appeared 40 million years ago,[20] of which only its subfamily the Caninae survives today in the form of the wolf-like and fox-like canines. Within the Caninae, the first members of genus Canis appeared six million years ago,[14] the ancestors of modern domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, and golden jackals. Domestication Main article: Origin of the domestic dog The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany. Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf.[21] The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks. The dog had died of canine distemper.[22] Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated[23] because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene.[1] This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated[9][8] in the time of hunter–gatherers,[7] which predates agriculture.[1] DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage.[6][7] Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kessleroch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago. The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago.[24] This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog,[8][1][25] with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication.[23][26] The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades.[9] Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia.[10] In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia.[21] Breeds Main article: Dog breed Further information: Dog type Dog breeds show a range of phenotypic variation Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds.[10] In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes.[8] Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years,[8][10] and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour.[8] Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting,[8] retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression,[10] which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs.[8] As a result, today dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world.[10] The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.[7] Biology Anatomy Main article: Dog anatomy Skeleton A lateral view of a dog skeleton All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types.[27][28] The dog’s skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility.[27][28] Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog’s skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis.[28] Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three.[27] The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types.[28][29] The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls.[28][29] Senses Further information: Dog anatomy § Senses A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and sensitivity to Earth's magnetic field. Another study has suggested that dogs can see Earth's magnetic field.[30] Coat Main article: Coat (dog) Dogs display wide variation in coat type, density, length, color, and composition The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single," with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze," stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.[31] Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals.[32] Tail There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. Health Main article: Dog health Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs. Several human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol.[33] The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs. Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.[34][page needed] Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.[citation needed] Lifespan Further information: Aging in dogs The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years.[35][36] The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.[35][36][37] For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs.[38] Reproduction Main article: Canine reproduction A female dog nursing newborn puppies In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter.[13] Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable.[39][40] Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization,[13][41] with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies.[42] Neutering Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized.[43] According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year.[44] Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.[45] Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs.[46] Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs.[47][page needed] However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs[48] and prostate cancer in males[49] and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.[50] Inbreeding depression A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g., between half and full siblings).[51] Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations.[52] Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.[53] In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival.[54] Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.[55] In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding.[56] Behavior Main article: Dog behavior See also: Dog behavior § Behavior compared with other canids Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli.[57] As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors.[12] Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills.[58] Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.[59][60] In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response[60][61] (i.e., selection for tameness) and emotional processing.[60] Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves.[60][62] Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation.[60] Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability.[63] Intelligence Main article: Dog intelligence Dog intelligence is the dog's ability to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills. A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure. A study of another Border Collie, "Chaser," documented his learning and memory capabilities. He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.[64] Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing and human voice commands. One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats.[65] One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focussed on the "what" of a task rather than the "where".[66] Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception.[67] An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined up with humans.[68] Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not.[69] Communication Main article: Dog communication Dog sounds (0:14) A dog making noises and barking Problems playing this file? See media help. Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting.[70]: xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture. Ecology Population The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment.[71][72] In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million[73] and 987 million.[74] About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries.[75] In the developing world, dogs are more commonly feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon. Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%).[76] Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.[77] Competitors and predators Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans.[71] For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves.[78][79] Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.[78][80] Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together.[81] In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.[82] Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.[78] Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size.[83] Siberian tigers in the Amur river region have killed dogs in the middle of villages. This indicates that the dogs were targeted. Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way.[84] Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range.[85] Diet See also: Dog food A Golden Retriever gnawing on a pig's foot Dogs have been described as omnivores.[13][86][87] Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.[11] Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet.[88] However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh. Also, more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain its nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores.[89] Range As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included: The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands,[90] Palau[91] and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro,[92] the Marshall Islands,[93] the Gilbert Islands,[93] New Caledonia,[94] Vanuatu,[94][95] Tonga,[95] Marquesas,[95] Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island,[95] the Chatham Islands[96] and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships).[97] Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections.[98] Roles with humans Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today.[99] The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals. This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.[100][101] Pets Siberian Huskies are pack animals that still enjoy some human companionship It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon.[102][page needed] "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs"[103] and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history.[104] Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased.[104] In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today[105](the expression "in the doghouse" - recorded since 1932[106] - to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians.[107][page needed] People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives[108][page needed] to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced.[109] There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status. The first has been "commodification," shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior.[109] The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.[109] A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion.[110] The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries.[110] Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.[111] The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack.[109] Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships. However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions.[112] Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other.[113] Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.[110] According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77.5 million people in the United States have pet dogs.[114] The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs. Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters.[114] A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.[115] Workers Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),[116][page needed][13] hunting (hounds, pointers)[117][page needed] and rodent control (terriers).[13] Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs,[118] detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs[119] or chemical weapons;[120] guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads.[13] In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight.[121][122] Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities.[123][124] Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.[125] Athletes and models See also: Conformation show People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions. In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Food Main article: Dog meat Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea,[126][page needed] China[100] Vietnam[101] and the Philippines,[127] which dates back to antiquity.[128] Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year.[129] In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat.[130] Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog. As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward.[131] Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland.[132] Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland[133][134] and Central Asia.[135][136] Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat.[137][138][139][140] In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.[141] The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy. A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken.[141] Health risks Further information: Dog attack, Canine vector-borne disease, and Dog bite prevention In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59.6% in Asia and 36.4% in Africa. Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector.[142] Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year. Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck. They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate.[143] Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.[144] In the U.S., cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.[145] It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U.K. hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.[146] Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.[147] Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision.[148] Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.[149][150] Health benefits Walking a dog Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders. Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes. Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans. The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways.[10] The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being.[151] Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being[152] have been criticized for being poorly controlled.[153] It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.[154] A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets."[151] In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition. This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.[155] People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term.[155] Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival. Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.[156] The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors.[157][158] The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety.[159] Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans.[160] One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not.[161] In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.[162] Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders.[163] Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease.[164] One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program.[165] Cultural importance Main articles: Cultural depictions of dogs and Dogs in religion Further information: List of fictional dogs Cerberus, with the gluttons in Dante's Third Circle of Hell. William Blake. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love.[166] In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine,[167] and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her.[167] In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection.[167] In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.[168] In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.[168] Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies[169][170] and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion.[169][170] In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades.[168] Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate.[171] In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim.[168] In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge.[168] In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn.[168] In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka.[172] In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.[168] Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the hallow's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that.[173] As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis).[173] In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege.[174] Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets.[175] Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.[175] The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean,[168] although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet."[176] Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets.[177] Terminology Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same.[178] Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies).[179] Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old.[180] Sire – the male parent of a litter.[180] Dam – the female parent of a litter.[180] Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping.[180] Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth.[180] Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam.[180] See also Lists of dogs Dog–cat relationship Dognapping Cynanthropy Domesticated silver fox Miller's Anatomy of the Dog Dogs portal Mammals portal References Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. 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Pajic, Petar; Pavlidis, Pavlos; Dean, Kirsten; Neznanova, Lubov; Romano, Rose-Anne; Garneau, Danielle; Daugherity, Erin; Globig, Anja; Ruhl, Stefan; Gokcumen, Omer (14 May 2019). "Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals". eLife. 8. doi:10.7554/eLife.44628. PMC 6516957. PMID 31084707. Lay summary. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |lay-url= (help) Fascetti, Andrea J.; Delaney, Sean J., eds. (2012). "7". Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-813-80657-0. Hung, H.; Carson, Mike T.; Bellwood, Peter; et al. (2011). "The first settlement of Remote Oceania: The Philippines to the Marianas". Antiquity. 85 (#329): 909–926. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00068393. Osborne, Douglas (1966). The archaeology of the Palau Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. Vol. 230. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-910240-58-1. Intoh, Michiko; Shigehara, Nobuo (2004). 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The dog or domestic dog is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Sy C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenova Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Further information: Canis lupus dingo § Taxonomic debate – the domestic dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog,"[14] and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus.[2] Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid.[15] In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other.[16] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linneaus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision.[3] Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade[17] with some debating it.[18] In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4] Evolution Main article: Evolution of the wolf Location of a dog's carnassials; the inside of the 4th upper premolar aligns with the outside of the 1st lower molar, working like scissor blades The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred 65 million years ago and brought an end to the dinosaurs and the appearance of the first carnivorans.[19] The name carnivoran is given to a member of the order Carnivora. Carnivorans possess a common arrangement of teeth called carnassials, in which the first lower molar and the last upper premolar possess blade-like enamel crowns that act similar to a pair of shears for cutting meat. This dental arrangement has been modified by adaptation over the past 60 million years for diets composed of meat, for crushing vegetation, or for the loss of the carnassial function altogether as in seals, sea lions, and walruses. Today, not all carnivorans are carnivores, such as the insect-eating Aardwolf.[5] The carnivoran ancestors of the dog-like caniforms and the cat-like feliforms began their separate evolutionary paths just after the end of the dinosaurs. The first members of the dog family Canidae appeared 40 million years ago,[20] of which only its subfamily the Caninae survives today in the form of the wolf-like and fox-like canines. Within the Caninae, the first members of genus Canis appeared six million years ago,[14] the ancestors of modern domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, and golden jackals. Domestication Main article: Origin of the domestic dog The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany. Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf.[21] The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks. The dog had died of canine distemper.[22] Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated[23] because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene.[1] This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated[9][8] in the time of hunter–gatherers,[7] which predates agriculture.[1] DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage.[6][7] Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kessleroch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago. The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago.[24] This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog,[8][1][25] with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication.[23][26] The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades.[9] Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia.[10] In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia.[21] Breeds Main article: Dog breed Further information: Dog type Dog breeds show a range of phenotypic variation Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds.[10] In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes.[8] Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years,[8][10] and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour.[8] Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting,[8] retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression,[10] which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs.[8] As a result, today dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world.[10] The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.[7] Biology Anatomy Main article: Dog anatomy Skeleton A lateral view of a dog skeleton All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types.[27][28] The dog’s skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility.[27][28] Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog’s skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis.[28] Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three.[27] The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types.[28][29] The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls.[28][29] Senses Further information: Dog anatomy § Senses A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and sensitivity to Earth's magnetic field. Another study has suggested that dogs can see Earth's magnetic field.[30] Coat Main article: Coat (dog) Dogs display wide variation in coat type, density, length, color, and composition The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single," with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze," stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.[31] Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals.[32] Tail There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. Health Main article: Dog health Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs. Several human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol.[33] The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs. Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.[34][page needed] Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.[citation needed] Lifespan Further information: Aging in dogs The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years.[35][36] The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.[35][36][37] For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs.[38] Reproduction Main article: Canine reproduction A female dog nursing newborn puppies In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter.[13] Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable.[39][40] Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization,[13][41] with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies.[42] Neutering Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized.[43] According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year.[44] Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.[45] Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs.[46] Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs.[47][page needed] However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs[48] and prostate cancer in males[49] and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.[50] Inbreeding depression A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g., between half and full siblings).[51] Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations.[52] Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.[53] In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival.[54] Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.[55] In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding.[56] Behavior Main article: Dog behavior See also: Dog behavior § Behavior compared with other canids Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli.[57] As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors.[12] Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills.[58] Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.[59][60] In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response[60][61] (i.e., selection for tameness) and emotional processing.[60] Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves.[60][62] Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation.[60] Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability.[63] Intelligence Main article: Dog intelligence Dog intelligence is the dog's ability to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills. A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure. A study of another Border Collie, "Chaser," documented his learning and memory capabilities. He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.[64] Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing and human voice commands. One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats.[65] One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focussed on the "what" of a task rather than the "where".[66] Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception.[67] An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined up with humans.[68] Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not.[69] Communication Main article: Dog communication Dog sounds (0:14) A dog making noises and barking Problems playing this file? See media help. Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting.[70]: xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture. Ecology Population The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment.[71][72] In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million[73] and 987 million.[74] About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries.[75] In the developing world, dogs are more commonly feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon. Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%).[76] Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.[77] Competitors and predators Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans.[71] For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves.[78][79] Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.[78][80] Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together.[81] In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.[82] Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.[78] Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size.[83] Siberian tigers in the Amur river region have killed dogs in the middle of villages. This indicates that the dogs were targeted. Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way.[84] Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range.[85] Diet See also: Dog food A Golden Retriever gnawing on a pig's foot Dogs have been described as omnivores.[13][86][87] Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.[11] Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet.[88] However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh. Also, more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain its nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores.[89] Range As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included: The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands,[90] Palau[91] and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro,[92] the Marshall Islands,[93] the Gilbert Islands,[93] New Caledonia,[94] Vanuatu,[94][95] Tonga,[95] Marquesas,[95] Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island,[95] the Chatham Islands[96] and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships).[97] Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections.[98] Roles with humans Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today.[99] The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals. This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.[100][101] Pets Siberian Huskies are pack animals that still enjoy some human companionship It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon.[102][page needed] "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs"[103] and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history.[104] Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased.[104] In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today[105](the expression "in the doghouse" - recorded since 1932[106] - to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians.[107][page needed] People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives[108][page needed] to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced.[109] There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status. The first has been "commodification," shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior.[109] The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.[109] A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion.[110] The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries.[110] Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.[111] The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack.[109] Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships. However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions.[112] Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other.[113] Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.[110] According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77.5 million people in the United States have pet dogs.[114] The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs. Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters.[114] A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.[115] Workers Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),[116][page needed][13] hunting (hounds, pointers)[117][page needed] and rodent control (terriers).[13] Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs,[118] detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs[119] or chemical weapons;[120] guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads.[13] In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight.[121][122] Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities.[123][124] Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.[125] Athletes and models See also: Conformation show People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions. In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Food Main article: Dog meat Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea,[126][page needed] China[100] Vietnam[101] and the Philippines,[127] which dates back to antiquity.[128] Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year.[129] In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat.[130] Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog. As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward.[131] Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland.[132] Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland[133][134] and Central Asia.[135][136] Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat.[137][138][139][140] In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.[141] The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy. A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken.[141] Health risks Further information: Dog attack, Canine vector-borne disease, and Dog bite prevention In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59.6% in Asia and 36.4% in Africa. Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector.[142] Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year. Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck. They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate.[143] Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.[144] In the U.S., cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.[145] It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U.K. hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.[146] Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.[147] Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision.[148] Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.[149][150] Health benefits Walking a dog Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders. Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes. Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans. The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways.[10] The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being.[151] Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being[152] have been criticized for being poorly controlled.[153] It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.[154] A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets."[151] In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition. This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.[155] People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term.[155] Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival. Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.[156] The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors.[157][158] The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety.[159] Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans.[160] One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not.[161] In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.[162] Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders.[163] Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease.[164] One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program.[165] Cultural importance Main articles: Cultural depictions of dogs and Dogs in religion Further information: List of fictional dogs Cerberus, with the gluttons in Dante's Third Circle of Hell. William Blake. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love.[166] In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine,[167] and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her.[167] In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection.[167] In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.[168] In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.[168] Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies[169][170] and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion.[169][170] In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades.[168] Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate.[171] In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim.[168] In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge.[168] In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn.[168] In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka.[172] In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.[168] Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the hallow's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that.[173] As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis).[173] In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege.[174] Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets.[175] Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.[175] The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean,[168] although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet."[176] Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets.[177] Terminology Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same.[178] Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies).[179] Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old.[180] Sire – the male parent of a litter.[180] Dam – the female parent of a litter.[180] Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping.[180] Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth.[180] Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam.[180] See also Lists of dogs Dog–cat relationship Dognapping Cynanthropy Domesticated silver fox Miller's Anatomy of the Dog Dogs portal Mammals portal References Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. 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The dog or domestic dog (Canis familiaris[4][5]) is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Synonyms[3] List C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenovae C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terrarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. turcicus Gmelin, 1792 C. urcani C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. variegatus Gmelin, 1792 C. venaticus Gmelin, 1792 C. vertegus Gmelin, 1792 Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Evolution Biology Behavior Ecology Roles with humans Terminology See also References Bibliography External links Last edited 1 day ago by BronaldBrump101 Wikipedia Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Privacy policy Terms of UseDesktop

While any dog can be a man's best friend, some just so happen to be a smarter friend. These canines rank at the top of their class in IQ including the papillon, golden retriever, and Rottweiler. 1 of 11 Pin More Three dogs in backyard at attention CREDIT: FRANCISCA HFTMANN / EYEEM / GETTY IMAGES What makes a smart dog? Are we asking our furry friend to follow commands, be obedient, learn tricks, and perhaps adapt in an intuitive way? This is called working intelligence, used by experts to determine a dog's intelligence level. To make the question even harder to answer, there is the fact that dog intelligence, like cat intelligence, can be subjective and present itself in many forms. Even though a dog owner can nurture their dog's intelligence, there are some inherent qualities that a dog is born with. In general, working and herding breeds are often the smartest based on their busy minds, strong work ethic, and interest in connecting with humans. "These breeds aren't necessarily the easiest dogs to live with and they don't always make the best family companions," Dawn Kovell, director of behavior and training at the Marin Humane Society explains. "Sometimes, a calmer dog is the easier dog to train and live with." Staysea Colteaux, owner of the dog boutique Dogville in San Anselmo, California, and dog trainer for 35 years agrees. "A dog's intelligence and ability to work and learn is also dependent on his temperament and personality," she says. "It is not always about how quickly a dog can learn something but how much they can bond and connect with their pet parents, and their willingness to please and desire to work." If your canine friend didn't make this list, don't despair—research shows that most dogs are much smarter than we give them credit for. Colteaux comments, "Some of the most well behaved and well trained dogs I have ever worked with rank low on some standard dog intelligence lists." Colteaux's smart list includes Pit bull and Boston terrier. And Kovell has found that the smartest dogs she works with are mixes such as the border collie/whippet mix. So, join us as we learn more about some of the brightest breeds. ADVERTISEMENT 2 of 11 Pin More Border Collie Border Collie laying on grass CREDIT: PURPLE COLLAR PET PHOTOGRAPHY / GETTY IMAGES Coming in at the top of the canine class is the border collie. This high-energy herder can learn a new command in under five seconds and follow it at least 95 percent of the time. This breed, however, desperately needs rigorous exercise. 3 of 11 Pin More German Shepherd CREDIT: PURPLE COLLAR PET PHOTOGRAPHY / GETTY IMAGES One factor to determine whether a dog's intelligence is to see if the breed is used as a service animal. German shepherds are the perfect example. This breed is used as therapy dogs, medical assistance dogs, and, of course, police dogs. The German shepherd is known for learning commands for multiple tasks. ADVERTISEMENT 4 of 11 Pin More Shetland Sheepdog Shetland Sheepdog CREDIT: AUSCAPE / GETTY IMAGES This smart, hard-working breed routinely takes top prizes in agility, herding, and obedience trials. Also, Shetland sheepdogs are easily trainable and make good small guard dogs—if you can stand all the barking. 5 of 11 Pin More Poodle Poodle sitting outdoors in grass CREDIT: CAROL HOWELL / EYEEM / GETTY IMAGES Beyond being desirably hypoallergenic, the poodle is known for its working intelligence, which could be another reason it is cross-bred to create golden doodles, cockapoos, and woodles. Bred in Germany for bird hunting, the poodle is very trainable (with consistent guidance), can be loving, and some say have a sense of humor. 6 of 11 Pin More Doberman Pinscher Doberman Pinscher CREDIT: TARA GREGG / EYEEM / GETTY IMAGES Bred to do double duty, this breed can be a serious protector and affectionate companion. Doberman pinschers have historically been powerful police and military dogs, rescue dogs, and therapy dogs. Plus, they're known for their loyalty and fearlessness. ADVERTISEMENT 7 of 11 Pin More Rottweiler Rottweiler Dogs outdoors in grass field CREDIT: TARA GREGG / EYEEM / GETTY IMAGES Loyal, brave, and strong, the Rottweiler originated in Germany where these dogs drove farmer's cattle and pulled butcher's carts. A natural guardian, this breed excels working for the military, police, and customs, but also makes for a very loyal family member. 8 of 11 Pin More Golden Retriever CREDIT: SANJAGRUJIC / GETTY IMAGES Originally bred for hunting, this popular family dog breed can be both playfully silly and loyal at the same time. Golden retrievers require obedience training to help them become well mannered, though. Most families love this dog breed because they're highly trainable and have an irresistibly goofy personality. 9 of 11 Pin More Labrador Retriever CREDIT: PURPLE COLLAR PET PHOTOGRAPHY / GETTY IMAGES This breed certainly knows how to wear many hats, including being a family dog, hunting dog, guide dog, and even a narcotics detection champ. According the American Kennel Club, the Labrador retriever takes home the popularity contest by winning "most popular breed" since 1991. These pups are undoubtedly eager to please and easy to train (especially with food rewards). ADVERTISEMENT 10 of 11 Pin More Papillon CREDIT: PURPLE COLLAR PET PHOTOGRAPHY / GETTY IMAGES Named for their unusual feathery ears, this toy breed is sometimes called the "Butterfly Dog." Tiny but also a smarty, the papillon frequently wins competitive agility trials, according to the American Kennel Club. This breed needs sufficient mental stimulation and, because they learn from experience, be sure to provide positive training. 11 of 11 Pin More Australian Cattle Dog CREDIT: TARA GREGG / EYEEM / GETTY IMAGES The Australian Cattle Dog's notable smarty-pants traits are its awareness, curious George nature, and agile herding skills. Be aware, though, that this breed has boundless mental and physical energy, so owners should exercise them sufficiently and even train them in herding or tracking. By Kier Holmes Share the Gallery PINTEREST FACEBOOK Popular in Dogs woman on couch with old english sheep dog Pin 15 Fluffy Dog Breeds You'll Want to Pet and Cuddle All Day Long portrait of shetland sheepdog in mountains Pin 10 of the Easiest Dog Breeds to Train dachshund dog with red collar Pin 10 Dog Breeds That Chase Away Mice and Other Household Pests Chesapeake bay retriever jumping into lake Pin The Official Dog Breeds of 13 U.S. States bulldog tilting its head Pin 15 Dog Breeds That Are Perfect for People Who Love Cats three nova scotia duck tolling retrievers in water Pin 12 Dog Breeds That Absolutely Love the Water woman hugging toy poodle dog Pin The 15 Dog Breeds That Live the Longest three dogs at a grassy park outside Pin The Most Popular Dog Breed in Every State of the U.S. girl hugging dog during fall Pin The Most Popular Large Dog Breeds in the United States a woman walking her shepherd dog outside Pin The Best Dog Breeds for Those Who Live in Wide, Open Spaces goldendoodle puppy Pin A Visual Guide to All the Different Types of Poodle Mixes, Also Called Doodle Dogs Beautiful akita inu Japanese dog laying down on wooden floor Pin The Quietest Dog Breeds That Aren't Likely to Bark Smiling woman petting dog in bed Pin The Most Low-Energy, Non-Shedding Dog Breeds gray wood dog house Pin The 10 Smartest Dog House Ideas We've Ever Seen german shepherd dog with orange ball in their mouth outside Pin 11 of the Best Toys for Big Dogs Wild One Toy Kit Pin 12 of Our Favorite Artisanal Dog Toys person with brush grooming small terrier dog Pin The 10 Best Grooming Brushes for Dogs Based on Their Hair Type Puli Standing On Grassy Field Pin 20 of the Most Unusual and Unique Dog Breeds people walking dogs in harnesses Pin How to Fit Your Dog for a Harness—Plus, Our Pick of the Best Ones poodle resting in lap Pin The Best Dog Breeds for People with Allergies All Topics in Dogs PET CARE PET FOOD DOGS CATS Martha Stewart Magazines & More Learn More Contact Us Subscribethis link opens in a new tab Customer Service Media Kit Martha's Blog Advertise Content Licensing FAQ Corporate International Accoladesthis link opens in a new tab Connect Follow Us Subscribe to Our Newsletter Meredith Martha Stewart is part of the Meredith Home Group. © Copyright 2022 Meredith Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policythis link opens in a new tab Terms of Servicethis link opens in a new tab Ad Choicesthis link opens in a new tab Web Accessibilitythis link opens in a new tab this link is to an external site that may or may not meet accessibili guidelines. While any dog can be a man's best friend, some just so happen to be a smarter friend. These canines rank at the top of their class in IQ including the papillon, golden retriever, and Rottweiler. 1 of 11 Pin More Three dogs in backyard at attention CREDIT: FRANCISCA HFTMANN / EYEEM / GETTY IMAGES What makes a smart dog? Are we asking our furry friend to follow commands, be obedient, learn tricks, and perhaps adapt in an intuitive way? This is called working intelligence, used by experts to determine a dog's intelligence level. To make the question even harder to answer, there is the fact that dog intelligence, like cat intelligence, can be subjective and present itself in many forms. Even though a dog owner can nurture their dog's intelligence, there are some inherent qualities that a dog is born with. In general, working and herding breeds are often the smartest based on their busy minds, strong work ethic, and interest in connecting with humans. "These breeds aren't necessarily the easiest dogs to live with and they don't always make the best family companions," Dawn Kovell, director of behavior and training at the Marin Humane Society explains. "Sometimes, a calmer dog is the easier dog to train and live with." Staysea Colteaux, owner of the dog boutique Dogville in San Anselmo, California, and dog trainer for 35 years agrees. "A dog's intelligence and ability to work and learn is also dependent on his temperament and personality," she says. "It is not always about how quickly a dog can learn something but how much they can bond and connect with their pet parents, and their willingness to please and desire to work." If your canine friend didn't make this list, don't despair—research shows that most dogs are much smarter than we give them credit for. Colteaux comments, "Some of the most well behaved and well trained dogs I have ever worked with rank low on some standard dog intelligence lists." Colteaux's smart list includes Pit bull and Boston terrier. And Kovell has found that the smartest dogs she works with are mixes such as the border collie/whippet mix. So, join us as we learn more about some of the brightest breeds. ADVERTISEMENT 2 of 11 Pin More Border Collie Border Collie laying on grass CREDIT: PURPLE COLLAR PET PHOTOGRAPHY / GETTY IMAGES Coming in at the top of the canine class is the border collie. This high-energy herder can learn a new command in under five seconds and follow it at least 95 percent of the time. This breed, however, desperately needs rigorous exercise. 3 of 11 Pin More German Shepherd CREDIT: PURPLE COLLAR PET PHOTOGRAPHY / GETTY IMAGES One factor to determine whether a dog's intelligence is to see if the breed is used as a service animal. German shepherds are the perfect example. This breed is used as therapy dogs, medical assistance dogs, and, of course, police dogs. The German shepherd is known for learning commands for multiple tasks. ADVERTISEMENT 4 of 11 Pin More Shetland Sheepdog Shetland Sheepdog CREDIT: AUSCAPE / GETTY IMAGES This smart, hard-working breed routinely takes top prizes in agility, herding, and obedience trials. Also, Shetland sheepdogs are easily trainable and make good small guard dogs—if you can stand all the barking. 5 of 11 Pin More Poodle Poodle sitting outdoors in grass CREDIT: CAROL HOWELL / EYEEM / GETTY IMAGES Beyond being desirably hypoallergenic, the poodle is known for its working intelligence, which could be another reason it is cross-bred to create golden doodles, cockapoos, and woodles. Bred in Germany for bird hunting, the poodle is very trainable (with consistent guidance), can be loving, and some say have a sense of humor. 6 of 11 Pin More Doberman Pinscher Doberman Pinscher CREDIT: TARA GREGG / EYEEM / GETTY IMAGES Bred to do double duty, this breed can be a serious protector and affectionate companion. Doberman pinschers have historically been powerful police and military dogs, rescue dogs, and therapy dogs. Plus, they're known for their loyalty and fearlessness. ADVERTISEMENT 7 of 11 Pin More Rottweiler Rottweiler Dogs outdoors in grass field CREDIT: TARA GREGG / EYEEM / GETTY IMAGES Loyal, brave, and strong, the Rottweiler originated in Germany where these dogs drove farmer's cattle and pulled butcher's carts. A natural guardian, this breed excels working for the military, police, and customs, but also makes for a very loyal family member. 8 of 11 Pin More Golden Retriever CREDIT: SANJAGRUJIC / GETTY IMAGES Originally bred for hunting, this popular family dog breed can be both playfully silly and loyal at the same time. Golden retrievers require obedience training to help them become well mannered, though. Most families love this dog breed because they're highly trainable and have an irresistibly goofy personality. 9 of 11 Pin More Labrador Retriever CREDIT: PURPLE COLLAR PET PHOTOGRAPHY / GETTY IMAGES This breed certainly knows how to wear many hats, including being a family dog, hunting dog, guide dog, and even a narcotics detection champ. According the American Kennel Club, the Labrador retriever takes home the popularity contest by winning "most popular breed" since 1991. These pups are undoubtedly eager to please and easy to train (especially with food rewards). ADVERTISEMENT 10 of 11 Pin More Papillon CREDIT: PURPLE COLLAR PET PHOTOGRAPHY / GETTY IMAGES Named for their unusual feathery ears, this toy breed is sometimes called the "Butterfly Dog." Tiny but also a smarty, the papillon frequently wins competitive agility trials, according to the American Kennel Club. This breed needs sufficient mental stimulation and, because they learn from experience, be sure to provide positive training. 11 of 11 Pin More Australian Cattle Dog CREDIT: TARA GREGG / EYEEM / GETTY IMAGES The Australian Cattle Dog's notable smarty-pants traits are its awareness, curious George nature, and agile herding skills. Be aware, though, that this breed has boundless mental and physical energy, so owners should exercise them sufficiently and even train them in herding or tracking. By Kier Holmes Share the Gallery PINTEREST FACEBOOK Popular in Dogs woman on couch with old english sheep dog Pin 15 Fluffy Dog Breeds You'll Want to Pet and Cuddle All Day Long portrait of shetland sheepdog in mountains Pin 10 of the Easiest Dog Breeds to Train dachshund dog with red collar Pin 10 Dog Breeds That Chase Away Mice and Other Household Pests Chesapeake bay retriever jumping into lake Pin The Official Dog Breeds of 13 U.S. States bulldog tilting its head Pin 15 Dog Breeds That Are Perfect for People Who Love Cats three nova scotia duck tolling retrievers in water Pin 12 Dog Breeds That Absolutely Love the Water woman hugging toy poodle dog Pin The 15 Dog Breeds That Live the Longest three dogs at a grassy park outside Pin The Most Popular Dog Breed in Every State of the U.S. girl hugging dog during fall Pin The Most Popular Large Dog Breeds in the United States a woman walking her shepherd dog outside Pin The Best Dog Breeds for Those Who Live in Wide, Open Spaces goldendoodle puppy Pin A Visual Guide to All the Different Types of Poodle Mixes, Also Called Doodle Dogs Beautiful akita inu Japanese dog laying down on wooden floor Pin The Quietest Dog Breeds That Aren't Likely to Bark Smiling woman petting dog in bed Pin The Most Low-Energy, Non-Shedding Dog Breeds gray wood dog house Pin The 10 Smartest Dog House Ideas We've Ever Seen german shepherd dog with orange ball in their mouth outside Pin 11 of the Best Toys for Big Dogs Wild One Toy Kit Pin 12 of Our Favorite Artisanal Dog Toys person with brush grooming small terrier dog Pin The 10 Best Grooming Brushes for Dogs Based on Their Hair Type Puli Standing On Grassy Field Pin 20 of the Most Unusual and Unique Dog Breeds people walking dogs in harnesses Pin How to Fit Your Dog for a Harness—Plus, Our Pick of the Best Ones poodle resting in lap Pin The Best Dog Breeds for People with Allergies All Topics in Dogs PET CARE PET FOOD DOGS CATS

If you love them or have one in your life, then you already know dogs experience a wide range of emotions. This is obvious to most pet owners, and yet there may be even more going on than you realize. While they seem silly — and even perpetually happy — at times, dogs have a lot going on inside. And being able to recognize all their feelings can help you feel closer. "When we understand how complex and rich our dog’s emotional lives are, we’re more compassionate and patient," Kayla Fratt, certified dog behavior consultant at Journey Dog Training, tells Bustle. If your dog is anxious, afraid, or frustrated, for example, recognizing the emotion can go a long way in helping them feel better. Of course, we still don't understand exactly what dogs are thinking. "We can look at their behaviors and even scan their brains, but we can’t be 100 percent sure how that behavior or brain scan correlates to a feeling," Fratt says. "That said, we still can know quite a bit [...] We’re pretty sure that dogs can feel emotions like fear, frustration, anxiety, joy, relaxation, and anticipation. These line up pretty well with the Eight Core Emotions," which humans experience as well. Dogs definitely experience a lot of feelings, including ones we can see displayed on the outside through their body language. Here are their many emotions, and what it all might look like, according to experts. 1 Fear Matt Cardy/Getty Images News/Getty Images While many dogs come off as super brave, as they bark out windows and jump up on strangers, they are actually perfectly capable of feeling fear. "Fear is one of the most ancient emotions, because without fear, animals are less likely to change their behavior in a way that saves their lives," Fratt says. "No fear often leads to danger, which leads to no offspring." So this is one emotion that's actually incredibly useful to them. And when you know what to look for, it's also easy to spot. As Fratt says, "Dogs display fearful postures such as tucking their tail, pinning their ears back, rolling on their backs, shifting their weight backwards, or even defensive aggression like snarling, snapping, and lunging." 2 Frustration Sandra Mu/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images Just like us humans, dogs can feel the annoying sensation of frustration. And with it comes a whole host of behaviors, such as barking, whining, and pacing. "This is really common in dogs that don’t know how to 'ask politely' for something and don’t know how to get what they want," Fratt says. If they don't know to stand by the backdoor in order to be let outside to pee, for example, your dog might whine or pace instead, as a sign of their frustration. "Clear communication with your dog (if you do this, I’ll give you that) is one of the best ways to reduce frustration," Fratt says. 3 Anxiety Chris Jackson/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images Sadly, dogs can experience anxiety, especially if they had a traumatic past. "Dogs that are anxious cannot relax or take a long time to relax after a relatively minor disturbance," Fratt says. "Dogs that are anxious often pant with their lips pulled far back, their eyes are wide, [and] their ears are pulled back or swiveling." They also may pace around, have dilated pupils, or fall asleep at weird times as a way of dealing with their anxiety, Fratt says. If you notice these behaviors in your dog, let a vet know. There are lots of ways dogs with anxiety can feel better. 4 Joy Veronika 7833/Shutterstock When you arrive home after a long day, and your dog is happy to see you, that's true, bonafide joy you're witnessing. (Not that you couldn't have guessed.) "Of course, this is our favorite emotion to see," Fratt says. "Dogs feeling joy pounce, prance, and huff happily (that little huh-huh panting sound is sometimes called canine laughter)." It's easy to spot a joyful dog, and know that they're feeling happy. "It makes you smile," Fratt says. 5 Relaxed Ben Pruchnie/Getty Images News/Getty Images Whenever your dog's kickin' it on the couch, that's a sign they're enjoying a moment of deep relaxation. "Dogs that are relaxed (or relaxing) may sigh, roll over onto a hip while they’re lying down, and stretch," Fratt says. "Relaxed dogs may sleep fully stretched out — they’re comfortable enough to take up some space!" These are all signs your dog is feeling safe and secure, and is able to truly relax as a result. 6 Anticipation Adam Berry/Getty Images News/Getty Images Take one look at a dog that's waiting to go on a walk, and you'll know they are able to feel heaps of anticipation. As Fratt says, "The most obvious instances of anticipation can be seen when dogs know that they’re about to get to play. They may prance happily, whine, or freeze. It will really vary from dog to dog!" Every dog is different, so all these emotions can play out in unique ways depending on their personality, temperament, and breed. But in most cases, happy anticipation is easy to spot. 7 Love/Attachment Christin Lola/Shutterstock Even though our knowledge is currently limited, there is evidence to suggest — and plenty of real-life stories — that reveal a dog's ability to love. "Oxytocin being produced by dogs and their owners has now been confirmed to increase with positive interaction," dog trainer Jodi Cassell, MS, CTC, tells Bustle. "I would say that we can say right now that dogs experience attachment (call it love if you will) and joy." One way to know if a dog's feeling the love, is by looking out for signs of comfort. "We can do something called a 'consent test' where, if the dog approaches, we can pet him for a couple seconds and then pause and give him time to respond," Cassell says. "If he moves closer, shows relaxed body language, and/or leans into you, that’s a great sign that he is enjoying the interaction and wants more." 8 Surprise Diana Baliuk/Shutterstock Similar to joy, surprise is another emotion you may spot when you return home. "Ever see a dog jump and spin when they see their human parent again after a long time apart? Or see their four-legged best friend? These dogs are surprised, and their body-language tells you so right away," Robert Cabral, Wag! advisory board member and top dog trainer, tells Bustle. "They go from calm to hyper-happy in a blink of an eye." 9 Jealousy Jamie McCarthy/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images While a dog may not feel jealousy in the exact same way humans do, they definitely display jealous-like behaviors. "Dogs can be jealous over a number of things, but a more common and collective term for this would be 'resource guarding,'" dog behaviorist Nick Jones, MA, tells Bustle. "This in essence is the desire to keep something for itself, such as a bone, a bed, a toy, the owner — the list is long." And this can play out in a number of ways, "such as aggressive behavior (varying from a grumble to an attack) in an effort to deter the dog or person that might be threatening the dog's perceived prize or possession, be it a bone, a toy or the owner," Jonas says. "Alternatively, the dog may hoard or hide a physical item so as to keep it to themselves." Basically, jealousy is more like possessiveness, when it comes to dogs. 10 Depression/Sadness Koichi Kamoshida/Getty Images News/Getty Images "Like people, dogs have the ability to experience feelings of contentment, whereby all their needs are met and they feel a natural balance inside on an emotional level," Jonas says. And they can also feel sad, just like us, when their needs aren't being met. "Although dogs can't rationalize these reasons for feeling depressed as you or I might, they sense the change and this can be displayed in ways that we would term as 'depressive behavior,'" he says. "A dog that is depressed may sleep more, show signs of being withdrawn, [and] may exhibit new behaviors such as barking at night or when left alone." 11 Loneliness Drew Angerer/Getty Images News/Getty Images While dogs should be able to withstand being left alone for periods of time without acting out, some dogs are prone to feeling lonelier than others. And if they're feeling this way, they'll let you know. If your dog is lonely, they might try "barking or howling when left alone, [or] may also become destructive due to increased stress levels," Jonas says. If you aren't sure how to make your dog feel better, don't hesitate to ask a vet. Dogs certainly have emotions, as well as a complex inner world we're only beginning to uncover. And they do their best to communicate what they're thinking. By knowing what to look for — in the form of certain behaviors that help reveal what's going on inside their cute heads — you can begin to understand your dog that much more.

The dog or domestic dog is a domesticated descendant of the ancient, extinct wolf which is characterised by an upturning tail. It belongs to the genus Canis. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Dog Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – present[1] Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. familiaris Binomial name Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758[2] Sy C. aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758 C. alco C. E. H. Smith, 1839, C. americanus Gmelin, 1792 C. anglicus Gmelin, 1792 C. antarcticus Gmelin, 1792 C. aprinus Gmelin, 1792 C. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792 C. avicularis Gmelin, 1792 C. borealis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. brevipilis Gmelin, 1792 C. cursorius Gmelin, 1792 C. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 C. extrarius Gmelin, 1792 C. ferus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. fricator Gmelin, 1792 C. fricatrix Linnaeus, 1758 C. fuillus Gmelin, 1792 C. gallicus Gmelin, 1792 C. glaucus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. graius Linnaeus, 1758 C. grajus Gmelin, 1792 C. hagenbecki Krumbiegel, 1950 C. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792 C. hirsutus Gmelin, 1792 C. hybridus Gmelin, 1792 C. islandicus Gmelin, 1792 C. italicus Gmelin, 1792 C. laniarius Gmelin, 1792 C. leoninus Gmelin, 1792 C. leporarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. lupus familiaris Linnaeus,1758 C. major Gmelin, 1792 C. mastinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. melitacus Gmelin, 1792 C. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758 C. minor Gmelin, 1792 C. molossus Gmelin, 1792 C. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758 C. obesus Gmelin, 1792 C. orientalis Gmelin, 1792 C. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. plancus Gmelin, 1792 C. pomeranus Gmelin, 1792 C. sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sanguinarius C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. sagax Linnaeus, 1758 C. scoticus Gmelin, 1792 C. sibiricus Gmelin, 1792 C. suillus C. E. H. Smith, 1839 C. terraenova Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[12] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[13] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend." Taxonomy Further information: Canis lupus dingo § Taxonomic debate – the domestic dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog,"[14] and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus.[2] Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid.[15] In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other.[16] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linneaus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision.[3] Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade[17] with some debating it.[18] In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4] Evolution Main article: Evolution of the wolf Location of a dog's carnassials; the inside of the 4th upper premolar aligns with the outside of the 1st lower molar, working like scissor blades The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred 65 million years ago and brought an end to the dinosaurs and the appearance of the first carnivorans.[19] The name carnivoran is given to a member of the order Carnivora. Carnivorans possess a common arrangement of teeth called carnassials, in which the first lower molar and the last upper premolar possess blade-like enamel crowns that act similar to a pair of shears for cutting meat. This dental arrangement has been modified by adaptation over the past 60 million years for diets composed of meat, for crushing vegetation, or for the loss of the carnassial function altogether as in seals, sea lions, and walruses. Today, not all carnivorans are carnivores, such as the insect-eating Aardwolf.[5] The carnivoran ancestors of the dog-like caniforms and the cat-like feliforms began their separate evolutionary paths just after the end of the dinosaurs. The first members of the dog family Canidae appeared 40 million years ago,[20] of which only its subfamily the Caninae survives today in the form of the wolf-like and fox-like canines. Within the Caninae, the first members of genus Canis appeared six million years ago,[14] the ancestors of modern domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, and golden jackals. Domestication Main article: Origin of the domestic dog The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany. Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf.[21] The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks. The dog had died of canine distemper.[22] Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated[23] because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene.[1] This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated[9][8] in the time of hunter–gatherers,[7] which predates agriculture.[1] DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage.[6][7] Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kessleroch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago. The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago.[24] This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog,[8][1][25] with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication.[23][26] The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades.[9] Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia.[10] In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia.[21] Breeds Main article: Dog breed Further information: Dog type Dog breeds show a range of phenotypic variation Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds.[10] In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes.[8] Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years,[8][10] and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour.[8] Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting,[8] retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression,[10] which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs.[8] As a result, today dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world.[10] The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.[7] Biology Anatomy Main article: Dog anatomy Skeleton A lateral view of a dog skeleton All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types.[27][28] The dog’s skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility.[27][28] Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog’s skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis.[28] Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three.[27] The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types.[28][29] The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls.[28][29] Senses Further information: Dog anatomy § Senses A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and sensitivity to Earth's magnetic field. Another study has suggested that dogs can see Earth's magnetic field.[30] Coat Main article: Coat (dog) Dogs display wide variation in coat type, density, length, color, and composition The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single," with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze," stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.[31] Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals.[32] Tail There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. Health Main article: Dog health Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs. Several human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol.[33] The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs. Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.[34][page needed] Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.[citation needed] Lifespan Further information: Aging in dogs The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years.[35][36] The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.[35][36][37] For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs.[38] Reproduction Main article: Canine reproduction A female dog nursing newborn puppies In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter.[13] Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable.[39][40] Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization,[13][41] with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies.[42] Neutering Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized.[43] According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year.[44] Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.[45] Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs.[46] Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs.[47][page needed] However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs[48] and prostate cancer in males[49] and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.[50] Inbreeding depression A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g., between half and full siblings).[51] Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations.[52] Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.[53] In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival.[54] Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.[55] In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding.[56] Behavior Main article: Dog behavior See also: Dog behavior § Behavior compared with other canids Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli.[57] As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors.[12] Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills.[58] Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.[59][60] In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response[60][61] (i.e., selection for tameness) and emotional processing.[60] Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves.[60][62] Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation.[60] Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability.[63] Intelligence Main article: Dog intelligence Dog intelligence is the dog's ability to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills. A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure. A study of another Border Collie, "Chaser," documented his learning and memory capabilities. He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.[64] Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing and human voice commands. One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats.[65] One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focussed on the "what" of a task rather than the "where".[66] Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception.[67] An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined up with humans.[68] Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not.[69] Communication Main article: Dog communication Dog sounds (0:14) A dog making noises and barking Problems playing this file? See media help. Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting.[70]: xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture. Ecology Population The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment.[71][72] In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million[73] and 987 million.[74] About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries.[75] In the developing world, dogs are more commonly feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon. Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%).[76] Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.[77] Competitors and predators Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans.[71] For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves.[78][79] Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.[78][80] Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together.[81] In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.[82] Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.[78] Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size.[83] Siberian tigers in the Amur river region have killed dogs in the middle of villages. This indicates that the dogs were targeted. Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way.[84] Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range.[85] Diet See also: Dog food A Golden Retriever gnawing on a pig's foot Dogs have been described as omnivores.[13][86][87] Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.[11] Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet.[88] However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh. Also, more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain its nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores.[89] Range As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included: The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands,[90] Palau[91] and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro,[92] the Marshall Islands,[93] the Gilbert Islands,[93] New Caledonia,[94] Vanuatu,[94][95] Tonga,[95] Marquesas,[95] Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island,[95] the Chatham Islands[96] and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships).[97] Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections.[98] Roles with humans Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today.[99] The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals. This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.[100][101] Pets Siberian Huskies are pack animals that still enjoy some human companionship It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon.[102][page needed] "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs"[103] and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history.[104] Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased.[104] In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today[105](the expression "in the doghouse" - recorded since 1932[106] - to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians.[107][page needed] People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives[108][page needed] to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced.[109] There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status. The first has been "commodification," shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior.[109] The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.[109] A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion.[110] The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries.[110] Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.[111] The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack.[109] Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships. However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions.[112] Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other.[113] Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.[110] According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77.5 million people in the United States have pet dogs.[114] The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs. Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters.[114] A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.[115] Workers Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),[116][page needed][13] hunting (hounds, pointers)[117][page needed] and rodent control (terriers).[13] Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs,[118] detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs[119] or chemical weapons;[120] guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads.[13] In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight.[121][122] Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities.[123][124] Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.[125] Athletes and models See also: Conformation show People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions. In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Food Main article: Dog meat Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea,[126][page needed] China[100] Vietnam[101] and the Philippines,[127] which dates back to antiquity.[128] Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year.[129] In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat.[130] Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog. As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward.[131] Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland.[132] Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland[133][134] and Central Asia.[135][136] Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat.[137][138][139][140] In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.[141] The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy. A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken.[141] Health risks Further information: Dog attack, Canine vector-borne disease, and Dog bite prevention In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59.6% in Asia and 36.4% in Africa. Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector.[142] Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year. Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck. They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate.[143] Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.[144] In the U.S., cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.[145] It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U.K. hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.[146] Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.[147] Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision.[148] Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.[149][150] Health benefits Walking a dog Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders. Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes. Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans. The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways.[10] The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being.[151] Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being[152] have been criticized for being poorly controlled.[153] It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.[154] A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets."[151] In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition. This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.[155] People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term.[155] Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival. Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.[156] The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors.[157][158] The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety.[159] Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans.[160] One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not.[161] In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.[162] Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders.[163] Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease.[164] One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program.[165] Cultural importance Main articles: Cultural depictions of dogs and Dogs in religion Further information: List of fictional dogs Cerberus, with the gluttons in Dante's Third Circle of Hell. William Blake. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love.[166] In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine,[167] and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her.[167] In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection.[167] In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.[168] In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.[168] Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies[169][170] and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion.[169][170] In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades.[168] Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate.[171] In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim.[168] In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge.[168] In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn.[168] In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka.[172] In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.[168] Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the hallow's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that.[173] As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis).[173] In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege.[174] Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets.[175] Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.[175] The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean,[168] although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet."[176] Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets.[177] Terminology Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same.[178] Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies).[179] Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old.[180] Sire – the male parent of a litter.[180] Dam – the female parent of a litter.[180] Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping.[180] Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth.[180] Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam.[180] See also Lists of dogs Dog–cat relationship Dognapping Cynanthropy Domesticated silver fox Miller's Anatomy of the Dog Dogs portal Mammals portal References Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. 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The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of a small carnivorous mammal.[1][2] It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family.[4] A cat can either be a house cat, a farm cat or a feral cat; the latter ranges freely and avoids human contact.[5] Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to kill rodents. About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries.[6] Cat Cat poster 1.jpg Various types of cat Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Felinae Genus: Felis Species: F. catus[1] Binomial name Felis catus[1] Linnaeus, 1758[2] Synonyms F. catus domesticus Erxleben, 1777[3] F. angorensis Gmelin, 1788 F. vulgaris Fischer, 1829 The cat is similar in anatomy to the other felid species: it has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling and grunting as well as cat-specific body language. A predator that is most active at dawn and dusk (crepuscular), the cat is a solitary hunter but a social species. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small mammals.[7] Cats also secrete and perceive pheromones.[8] Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn, with litter sizes often ranging from two to five kittens.[9] Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy. Population control of cats may be effected by spaying and neutering, but their proliferation and the abandonment of pets has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of entire bird, mammal, and reptile species.[10] Cats were first domesticated in the Near East around 7500 BC.[11] It was long thought that cat domestication began in ancient Egypt, where cats were venerated from around 3100 BC.[12][13] As of 2021, there are an estimated 220 million owned and 480 million stray cats in the world.[14][15] As of 2017, the domestic cat was the second-most popular pet in the United States, with 95 million cats owned.[16][17][18] In the United Kingdom, 26% of adults have a cat with an estimated population of 10.9 million pet cats as of 2020.[19] Etymology and naming Taxonomy Evolution Characteristics Senses Behavior Lifespan and health Ecology Interaction with humans See also References External links Last edited 8 days ago by Kind Tennis Fan Wikipedia Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Privacy policy Terms of UseDesktop

We all need a good laugh every now and then. Luckily, there are plenty of funny cat photos that'll do the trick.

Raising Ducks: A Primer on Duck Housing, Diet and Health Learn what ducks eat, and how to ensure they are comfortable and healthy. Ducks and mud seem to go hand in hand. My husband and I own a small hobby farm in Virginia and have been raising ducks for the last couple of years. Our very first foray into raising a backyard flock began innocently enough with a trip to the local feed store for hay and feed for our two horses. With our truck loaded with as many bales of hay as it could carry, we headed back home with the feed — plus a cardboard box in which six chicks and two ducklings peeped. The chicks were a planned purchase. The ducklings, however, were a complete impulse purchase after seeing how adorable they were and being assured by the feed store owner that they could live side by side with our new flock of chickens. Well, he was right. We have been raising both ducks and chickens for several years now, quite successfully, in the same run. However, food and housing requirements for ducks are a bit different than for chickens. But all co-exist in the same run by day with separate sleeping quarters at night. Here’s how to ensure your ducks are comfortable, healthy and well-fed. Housing/Pen Most domestic ducks can’t fly. They were intentionally bred to be heavier than their wild counterparts mainly so they wouldn’t be able to fly away from the farms where they were being raised and also so they would dress out better as table birds. This leaves them extremely vulnerable to predators such as foxes, raccoons and dogs. Ungainly and cumbersome on dry land, ducks aren’t able to escape these predators, so as backyard duck keepers it is our responsibility to provide them with a safe, secure place to live. Duck housing needs to be secure from predators, but other than that, ducks are extremely cold-hardy so any structure you provide for them doesn’t need to be completely enclosed (as long as it is inside a secure run/pen) and won’t need any type of heat in the winter. Four square feet of floor space per duck should be adequate inside the house as long as they are not confined to it for extended periods of time. Since ducks love both rain and snow, they don’t spend many waking hours indoors. We converted an old wooden doghouse into a house for our first ducks by cutting a door out of a piece of plywood and attaching hinges and a predator-proof lock. We built a ramp, cut plenty of air vents, covered them with ½” hardware cloth, and built a nesting box on one side. Ducks emit a lot of moisture when they breathe, so adequate ventilation and air flow is very important when you are constructing your house. Any house should be at least three feet tall to provide adequate head room and air flow. A layer of straw will suffice for bedding and nesting material. Ducks don’t perch like chickens and will nestle down in the straw instead to sleep. The straw should be changed out regularly, but always removed immediately if it is wet or if there is any whiff of an ammonia smell. A duck nesting box should be approximately 16” square, although in my experience ducks won’t necessarily use it. In fact, our ducks prefer large wooden boxes filled with straw, but they aren’t very concerned about privacy or a dedicated nesting area and seem just as happy making a nest in a corner of their house in the straw. Pen or yard fencing should be 1” or smaller welded wire fencing and sunk into the ground at least 8” to prevent predators from digging underneath. The top should also be covered. Although ducks aren’t at too much risk from attacks by hawks or other aerial predators, foxes and raccoons can easily scale a fence. While a pond isn’t necessary for raising happy, healthy ducks, they do need a kiddie pool or other tub in which they can submerge their bodies. Ducks have an oil gland at the base of their tail that is activated as they splash water over their backs. This gland helps distribute waterproofing oils over their feathers as they preen their feathers, so providing them a place to bathe is critical. Ducks and mud seem to go hand in hand. I have tried many different types of waterers, but the ducks always manage to muddy them. Ducks eat by grabbing a mouthful of food, or a mouthful of mud, bugs and worms, and then dunking their bills into the water and swishing it around, so keeping ducks’ water crystal clear just isn’t possible. The important thing is that the water be refilled daily, kept free of fecal matter and algae and that the waterers be cleaned regularly. We use large rubber tubs for water since they are easy to clean and refill. Whatever you use for ducks’ water, it needs to be deep enough that they can submerge their entire head into it to keep their mucous membranes moist. Diet Special waterfowl pellets are available in some areas, but regular chicken layer feed is fine for laying ducks. However, ducks (especially growing ducklings) need more niacin than chickens do, so adding brewer’s yeast to their feed in a 5% ratio is recommended. Ducklings grow extremely fast and the niacin helps their bones develop correctly. Feed should be set out in wide tubs or containers that can’t be tipped over. We use metal pans and stoneware bowls, setting out several at a time so all the ducks can eat at once. A grown duck will eat 4-6 ounces of feed per day so I try to measure out the correct amount, but that amount varies by time of year (they eat more in the winter, less in the summer when weeds and bugs are more readily available). Water should always be provided near the feed. Leftover feed at the end of day should be discarded if it has gotten wet. Leafy greens are an important part of a duck’s diet. I start our ducklings off young getting used to cut weeds and grass, lettuce and Swiss chard. Ducks won’t eat wilted greens, so I put the ‘salad’ in their water tub. It stays nice and fresh that way and keeps them occupied dabbling for the leafy treats. Ducks also enjoy fresh peas or corn kernels, cucumber pieces, watermelon and cut tomatoes. Grit (coarse sand or dirt) should always be provided to ducks to assist in grinding the food in their gizzard. Once your ducks reach laying age (generally around 6 months), crushed oyster shell or eggshell should be provided in a separate container free-choice so each duck can eat what she needs for strong eggshells. Health Ducks are generally healthy and hardy. They don’t need vaccinations or annual shots and don’t need preventative worming. They aren’t quite as susceptible to external parasites (such as ticks, lice and mites) as chickens since they spend so much time in the water which drowns any parasites that might be present. However, there are a few things to watch out for in your backyard flock: Angel Wing – a non-life threatening condition in which the wing doesn’t lie flat against the body. Caused by overfeeding high protein food which causes the wing to grow too fast, angel wing can be reversed by switching to a lower protein feed, providing plenty of exercise and putting the wing in a sling. Aspergillosis – Caused by fungal spores, aspergillosis causes heavy, labored breathing, but is easily preventable by removing wet feed and bedding promptly. Bound Crop – Foreign objects, strings or long grasses can get lodged in the upper part of the digestive system (the crop). The duck’s throat area may look swollen or feel hard. Massaging can help, as can a regimen of vegetable oil to try and break up the mass and allow it to pass. Botulism – Prevalent in warm weather, botulism thrives in decaying waste or pools of water. It is important to keep water sources clean (we use white vinegar and a scrub brush on the water tubs and pool regularly) because botulism can cause death within hours. Bumblefoot – Probably the most common affliction of ducks, affecting mainly the heavier breeds. Bumblefoot is an infection that manifests itself in a black scab and swelling on the underside of the foot. It needs to be treated to prevent the infection from spreading and causing potential lameness. Bumblefoot is usually caused by a cut on the underside of the foot, so keeping the duck pen free of sharp stones, branches and other foreign objects is helpful. Egg Binding – This occurs when a duck is unable to pass an egg. Often it is possible to soak the duck in a warm bath and then apply vegetable oil around the vent to encourage the muscles to relax enough to let the egg out. Eye Infections – Sometimes rough mating will result in bubbling around the eyes, since the male duck (or drake) grabs the back of the female’s neck where her sinuses are located. Saline rinses can help clear this up as can access to a clean pool or tub of water. Ammonia buildup as well as dust can also cause eye irritations so clean straw or rice hull bedding in the duck house is important. Scary as some of these conditions sound, in our years raising ducks the only issue we have had to deal with is bumblefoot and that is fairly easy to spot and treat. Lots of preventatives and good duck yard sanitation go a long way towards raising a healthy flock. Related To:Healthy Home and Home SafetyHomesteading Home Outdoors Gardens Animals and Wildlife Now Viewing A Guide to Duck Houses Here's six things to consider when building a home for backyard ducks. By: Lisa Steele Duck House Ideas Photo by Lisa Steele Duck housing can be as simple or as elaborate as you choose. Whether you convert a small doghouse or build a custom shed, the one thing a duck house must be is predator-proof. Domestic ducks move very slowly on the ground and can’t fly, so they are extremely vulnerable to predators—especially at night—and need a safe place to sleep, lay their eggs and maybe even raise ducklings. Ducks, unlike chickens, don’t need roosting bars and will rarely use nesting boxes, instead preferring to make a nest in one corner of the house on the floor. An old playhouse or a gardening or potting shed works quite well for duck housing. As long as it's fitted with a door and has hardware cloth over any openings, any of these structures will get your ducks' approval. Some other things to consider: Size. Before you decide how fancy your duck house will be, figure out how large it needs to be. You should allow for 4 square feet of floorspace per duck. Since ducks typically sleep on piles of bedding on the floor, they need enough room to be able to get comfortable. Flooring. Duck houses can sit directly on the ground but should have a wooden or cement floor so predators can’t dig underneath to gain access. A piece of inexpensive vinyl flooring over the floor makes for easy clean-up, and also prevents the floor from getting wet if you leave water in the house overnight for your ducks. Bedding. Pine shavings work fine for bedding, but our ducks prefer straw. Straw has wonderful insulating properties during colder months, keeping ducks warm; it also holds its shape better, so they don’t end up sleeping on the cold wood or cement floor. Straw also doesn’t tend to become sodden like shavings do when wet, and doesn’t harbor mold like hay can. Regardless, wet or soiled bedding should never be allowed to stay in the duck house because mold fungi can lead to aspergillosis, a potentially fatal infection of the duck’s respiratory tract. Nesting Boxes. As mentioned above, ducks rarely use nesting boxes. If you do decide to include some boxes, they should be at floor level. The boxes should be at least 14 square inches and filled with clean straw. Alternatively, you can put a wooden box on its side in one corner of the duck house and see if your ducks will use it. Ventilation. The house should be at least 3 feet tall, with vents along the top near the roof to allow for good air flow. Ducks emit lots of moisture when they breathe, and if that moisture can’t escape, it can lead to moldy and mildewed bedding or even frostbitten legs and feet in winter. The house should also include additional windows with hinged shutters that can be opened or closed as needed, depending on the weather. All vents and windows need to be covered with 1/2-inch hardware cloth to prevent predators from gaining access. It’s best to position windows at least a foot off the ground (or install "shutters") to prevent predators from peeking in and seeing your sleeping ducks. That can unduly stress the ducks and lead to predators working overtime to get in. Entrance/Exit. The pop door to your duck house should be sufficient for two ducks to enter and exit at once. Ducks often like to push and shove, and can get stuck if the door is too small. The door needs a predator-proof latch on it (remember that raccoons can slide deadbolts and lift latches). A locking eye hook is a good choice for the house door. If the duck house isn’t ground level, a ramp is necessary for the ducks to use to get in and out—and if the ramp is narrow, adding some railings will help the ducks keep their balance and not fall off the sides. Keeping these various points in mind, you should easily be able to build a simple house or convert an existing structure into a safe, secure house for your ducks.

Cats are furry animals that have got four legs and a tail. The sound a cat produces is called as meow, purr or hiss. A cat usually expresses love to their owners by making a sound or rolling on the floor. Cats are used by farmers to keep away rats, mice and other small animals from destroying their crops.

Wildlife -Goats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans.[6] The most recent genetic analysis[7] confirms the archaeological evidence that the wild bezoar ibex of the Zagros Mountains is the likely original ancestor of probably all domestic goats today.[6] Neolithic farmers began to herd wild goats primarily for easy access to milk and meat, as well as to their dung, which was used as fuel; and their bones, hair, and sinew were used for clothing, building, and tools.[1] The earliest remnants of domesticated goats dating 10,000 years Before Present are found in Ganj Dareh in Iran.[8] Goat remains have been found at archaeological sites in Jericho, Choga Mami,[9] Djeitun, and Çayönü, dating the domestication of goats in Western Asia at between 8,000 and 9,000 years ago.[6] Studies of DNA evidence suggests 10,000 years ago as the domestication date.[7]

WILDLIFE - Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family.