Medic Fuel

http://www.landging.com/breast-augmentation-animation.html Medical equipment modeling Based on photographs of the endoscopic retractor provided by the client, we erase part of the machine from the animation and make a complicated equipment look simple to the patient. Surgery procedure display Paying attention to details, we modify this animation clip quite a few times to meet client's requirement.

A history of the first US Naval Observatory and BUMED's Potomac Annex. Scripted and produced by Jan Herman. A HILLTOP IN FOGGY BOTTOM: home of the old Naval Observatory and the Navy Medical Department, where many firsts in science and technology took place. This is where the science of oceanography was born, where the moons of Mars were discovered, where the underwater path of the first transatlantic cable was plotted. This location played a key role in the Civil War, our westward expansion, and in the development of military medicine. In 1920, the Naval Observatory was renamed the Naval Medical School, and later became home to the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, until it was closed through the Department of Defense's Base Realignment and Closure.

Receptor is a macromolecule in the membrane or inside the cell that specifically (chemically) bind a ligand (drug). The binding of a drug to receptor depends on types of chemical bounds that can be established between drug and receptor. The strength of this chemical bonds (covalent, ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic) determine the degree of affinity of ligand to receptor. Ligands (drugs) that attracted the receptors may be classified as agonists or antagonists. Agonists produce the biological response as a results of receptor –ligand interactions therefore agonists posses efficacy. On the contrary antagonists did not provoke any biological activity after binding to its receptor. There are different types of receptors : Transmembrane ion-channels receptors Transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors Transmembrane receptors with cytosolic domain Intracellular (cytoplasm or nucleus) receptors

The therapeutic index (TI) is the range of doses at which a medication is effective without unacceptable adverse events. Drugs with a narrow TI (NTIDs) have a narrow window between their effective doses and those at which they produce adverse toxic effects. Generic drugs may be substituted for brand-name drugs provided that they meet the recommended bioequivalence (BE) limits. However, an appropriate range of BE for NTIDs is essential to define due to the potential for ineffectiveness or adverse events. Flecainide is an antiarrhythmic agent that has the potential to be considered an NTID. This review aims to evaluate the literature surrounding guidelines on generic substitution for NTIDs and to evaluate the evidence for flecainide to be considered an NTID.

Receptors are named on the basis of their major endogenous agonist (e.g. adrenergic, serotoninergic, opioid). They are then usually ‘sub-­‐typed’ on the basis of their selectivity for agonists or antagonists. Agonist selectivity is determined by the ratio of EC50 of the dose– response curve at the two different receptor subtypes. For example, β-­‐adrenoceptors can be sub-­‐typed into β1 and β2, on the basis of their responsiveness to the endogenous agonist, noradrenaline. The concentration required to cause bronchodilatation (via β2 adrenoceptors) is ten times higher than that required to cause tachycardia (via β1 adrenoceptors). Receptor sub-­‐ types can also be distinguished by the relative effectiveness of drugs that antagonize the effects of their full agonist, measured as the relative shift of the agonist dose–response curves achieved by a single dose of antagonist affecting responses mediated through the two receptors. It is important for prescribers to remember that selectivity for a receptor subtype is only a relative concept (i.e. selectivity does not equate with specificity). Agonist or antagonist drugs that are considered to be ‘selective’ for one receptor subtype can still produce significant effects at other subtypes if a high enough dose is given. This is particularly important if one receptor subtype activates the beneficial effects while another activates the adverse effects. For instance, ‘cardioselective’ β-­‐adrenoceptor blocking drugs have anti-­‐anginal effects on the heart (β1) but may cause bronchospasm in the lung (β2) and are absolutely contraindicated for asthmatic patients. Selectivity is useful in clinical practice only when the ratio of the impact of the drug at the two receptor sites is 100 or more. When selectivity is lower, it is difficult to predict drug doses that will exploit the difference in subtype activity.

Efficacy is the ability of a drug after binding with receptors to initiate change which leads to certain effects. Simply, Efficacy (Emax) is the capacity of a drug to produce a maximum response. Also, it is known as maximal efficacy. In other words, Efficacy is the maximal response that can be elicited by the drug. In other words, Efficacy is the ability of a drug to elicit a physiologic response when it interacts with a receptor. On the other hand, Potency is a comparative measure of different doses of two drugs that are needed to produce the same pharmacological effect. It is also known as drug strength. Simply, Potency is the amount of drug needed to produce a certain response. In other words, Potency refers to the concentration (EC50) or dose (ED50) of a drug required to produce 50% of that drug’s maximal effect. Certainly, more the ED 50 of a drug, less the potency and Less the ED50, more the potency. Potency is a measure of the amount of drug necessary to produce an effect of a given magnitude .

What is an adverse drug reaction? An adverse drug reaction is a harmful reaction to a medicine given at the correct dose. The reaction can start soon after you take the medicine, or up to 2 weeks after you stop. An adverse drug reaction can cause serious conditions such toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and anaphylaxis. TEN can cause severe skin damage. Anaphylaxis is a sudden, life-threatening reaction that needs immediate treatment. Ask your healthcare provider for more information on TEN, anaphylaxis, and other serious reactions. What are the signs and symptoms of an adverse drug reaction? Mild symptoms include red, itchy, flaky, or swollen skin. You may have a flat, red area on your skin that is covered with small bumps. You may also have hives. Severe symptoms include skin that blisters or peels, vision problems, and severe swelling or itching. Severe reactions include conditions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Ask your healthcare provider for more information on TEN and other serious conditions. Anaphylaxis symptoms include throat tightness, trouble breathing, tingling, dizziness, and wheezing. Anaphylaxis is a sudden, life-threatening reaction that needs immediate treatment. Anaphylaxis may occur if you exercise after exposure to another trigger, such as after you take an antibiotic.

Dr. J. Robert Seebacher, Orthopedic Surgeon with Phelps Memorial Hospital and Hudson Valley Bone and joint Surgeons, demonstrates new non-operative procedure for knees. Relief from Knee Pain - Non-Operative Arthritis Suppression Program Dr. J. Robert Seebacher, MD., Orthopedic Surgeon Medical Director Phelps Memorial Hospital Joint Replacement Unit and member of Hudson Valley Bone & Joint Surgeons describes his long established Knee Non-Operative) Arthritis Suppression Program as currently employed on 300 patients many for five years. Lecture Optimal Aging of the Knees. What causes arthritis of the knees? Can it be prevented? If your knees become arthritic, what treatments work best? Hear from J. Robert Seebacher, MD, Medical Director of the Phelps Joint Replacem ent Service, about his non-surgical therapy that often helps people maintain active lifestyles while postponing - or eliminating - the need for surgery. Dr. Seebacher has performed thousands of successful joint replacements, but has also treated thousands of patients non-operatively with good results. Light refreshments will be served.

An agonist is a drug that binds to the receptor, producing a similar response to the intended chemical and receptor. Whereas an antagonist is a drug that binds to the receptor either on the primary site, or on another site, which all together stops the receptor from producing a response. The main difference between these two drugs is that one simulates the intended reaction, where as an antagonist binds to the receptor, and stops/ slows responses. Agonists essentially mimic the activities of normal neurotransmitters such as Acetylcholine, and emulate a similar response from the receptors they bind to. A great analogy to think of is with a vending machine. Usually to buy a drink, you would insert a $1 coin into the machine, and the response is for it to spit out your favourite soda. An agonist in this scenario would be to use a metal disc, of the same size as a coin to insert into the machine, thus using the same coin slot with a mimic coin to obtain a soda. An antagonist does the opposite of an agonist. It binds to receptors, and stops the receptor from producing a desired response. Going back to the analogy, it’s like jamming the machine’s coin slot so that it is unable to perform its function until the blockage is removed. –Choose an antagonist, discuss primary inhibitory mechanism and explain in detail how this relates to the way in which it interacts with receptors.– [subject brief as I may change if I can find a more interesting antagonist] Atropine is a reversible, competitive antagonist of the receptor muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, in language that you and I can understand, it is a removable coin blocker for a vending machine that controls some of our bodily functions, such salivation and heart rate. [image of lock and key-esque model] Atropine inhibits some of the functions of the parasympathetic system, so it effects things such as heart rate, salivation and pupil dilation. Atropine is used to treat bradycardia, that is slowed heart rate, in patients, and is also used to lower the amount of saliva produced in some specific surgeries.

NON-RECEPTOR-MEDIATED DRUG ACTION This refers to drugs which do not act by binding to specific regulatory macromolecules. Drug action by purely physical or chemical means, interactions with small molecules or ions (antacids, chelating agents, cholestyramine, etc.), as well as direct interaction with enzymes, ionic channels and transporters has already been described. In addition, there are drugs like alkylating agents which react covalently with several critical biomolecules, especially nucleic acids, and have cytotoxic property useful in the treatment of cancer. Another important class of drugs are the antimetabolites (purine/pyrimidine analogues) which lead to production of nonfunctional or dysfunctional cellular components that exert antineoplastic, antiviral and immunosuppressant activity.

Regardless of how a drug effect occurs—through binding or chemical interaction—the concentration of the drug at the site of action controls the effect. However, response to concentration may be complex and is often nonlinear. The relationship between the drug dose, regardless of route used, and the drug concentration at the cellular level is even more complex (see Pharmacokinetics). Dose-response data are typically graphed with the dose or dose function (eg, log10 dose) on the x-axis and the measured effect (response) on the y-axis. Because a drug effect is a function of dose and time, such a graph depicts the dose-response relationship independent of time. Measured effects are frequently recorded as maximal at time of peak effect or under steady-state conditions (eg, during continuous IV infusion). Drug effects may be quantified at the level of molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, or organism. A hypothetical dose-response curve has features that vary (see figure Hypothetical dose-response curve): Potency (location of curve along the dose axis) Maximal efficacy or ceiling effect (greatest attainable response) Slope (change in response per unit dose)

Major postoperative complications include wound infection, bleeding, airway obstruction (compressing hematoma, tracheomalacia), hypocalcemia, thyroid storm (uncommon, usually associated with Grave’s disease) and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Incidence is 3-5%. Surgery can lead to trauma to the parathyroids, devascularization of the glands with resultant ischemia, or inadvertent excision of these small structures. Hypoparathyroidism with subsequent decreased production of parathyroid hormone leads to decreased serum calcium. Acute hypocalcemia generally presents at 24-48 hours as laryngeal stridor and airway obstruction. First symptoms are usually tingling in the lips and fingertips. Additional findings may develop, including carpopedal spasm, tetany, laryngospasm, seizures, QT prolongation and cardiac arrest. Chvostek’s sign is facial contractions elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the per-auricular area. Trouseau’s sign is carpal spasm on inflation of a blood pressure cuff. CPAP is often effective for associated airway compromise, and 1 gram of calcium gluconate given slowly usually alleviates symptoms.

This video on Morbidity and Mortality (M&M) features a medical student learning about what M&M ACTUALLY is from Dr. McBurney. No, doctors are not like superheroes. No, M&M is not the rapper Eminem, and no it's also not the chocolate candies either. Find our headquarters at: http://surgery101.org Learning Surgery in the 21st century! Join the Surgery 101 Family: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/surgery101podcast Twitter: https://twitter.com/surgery_101 Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/surgery101YEG Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/surgery101 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/surgery.101/

In this episode of Surgery 101 Dr. Keith Rourke, a Urologist at the University of Alberta, discusses urinary catheterization. After watching this video you should be able to: - Understand what a catheter is - Know why people need catheters - Define the urethra - Describe proper catheterization techniques - Explain the different types of catheters and their uses - Troubleshoot difficult scenarios

After watching this video, students will be able to:1. Explain the concept of laparoscopic surgery.2. Identify and explain the role of the basic equipment used in laparoscopic surgery.3. Recognize the basic steps to setting up laparoscopic surgery.WARNING: This video contains real operating room footage.

When Brandon Klinetobe woke up to take his wife to Edward Hospital for her scheduled C-section in 2009, little did he know he would also end up in surgery. “I took a shower and took one step onto my master bedroom floor and I felt a pop in my ear and I just went numb. The whole right side of my body went tingling,” said Klinetobe. At just 31-years-old, Brandon was suffering from a stroke. Instead of a trip to the maternity floor, he ended up in the emergency room. “I couldn’t lift my arms or my legs, my smile was half crooked, It was a serial moment,” said Klinetobe. Brandon suffered from a common heart deformity called Patent Foramen Ovale, or PFO, a hole in the heart walls that normally closes shortly after birth. In his case, those holes remained open, allowing a blood clot to travel from his heart to his brain. “One of the arteries or a branch of one of the main arteries that supply blood to the brain or part of the brain gets blocked, and then that part of the brain that’s deriving it’s blood flow from that particularly blocked artery stops working, and very quickly the cells start to starve of oxygen and die,” said Dr. Ali Shaibani, Medical Director of the Neuroscience Institute. The only way to fix his condition was to undergo surgery. But his insurance wouldn’t cover the $10,000 cost unless he had another stroke in the future. So Brandon went home and waited, and three years later, that’s exactly what happened. “I lost vision in my right eye and I felt it all again, and I knew exactly what was happening,” said Klinetobe. Another trip to Edward Hospital with his wife finally fixed his heart condition, decreasing his chances of having another stroke, something they never thought possible in the first place. But according to Dr. Shaibani strokes are becoming more common in the earlier years of life. In fact 10% of strokes in those occur under the age of 45, but there’s a different reason behind them. “When we see stroke in younger patient it’s often from a different mechanism than what we see in the elderly population,” said Dr. Shaibani. “Most of the causes of stroke in young people are dissection, which is a tear in the inner lining of the artery that can happen with certain physical exertion, that can happen with certain neck trauma, terrible coughing in some instances I’ve seen doing that.” Luckily for Brandon and other young stroke survivors, their road to recovery is typically shorter than compared to their older counterparts. After two surgeries and some rehab, Brandon is now able to catch up on his life outside of the hospital, but not some thought about how quickly life can change. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9exZQAI_Lpg

Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection). Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of pharmacology, being itself a topic of biology interested in the study of the interactions between both endogenous and exogenous chemical substances with living organisms. In particular, pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug affects an organism, whereas pharmacokinetics is the study of how the organism affects the drug. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects. Pharmacodynamics is sometimes abbreviated as PD and pharmacokinetics as PK, especially in combined reference (for example, when speaking of PK/PD models).

Trauma is one of the leading causes of death worldwide1 with 5.8 million lives lost each year as a direct result of injury,2 and it is a major economic burden to society in both the United States and Europe.1,3 One important aspect of trauma patients is airway management. Rapid sequence induction (RSI) involves combining a sedative and a neuromuscular blocking agent to render a patient rapidly unconscious and paralyzed to facilitate emergency endotracheal intubation and to minimize the risk of aspiration. There is no consensus on the optimal drugs to be used for RSI, presumably due to a lack of data regarding the respective drugs’ impact on outcomes such as survival. The Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines therefore recommend using an induction agent according to local practice.4 An optimal agent for an RSI should have a rapid onset and short duration of action, negligible hemodynamic effects, as well as a minimal side effect profile.5 At present, 5 induction agents for RSI dominate in terms of use: etomidate, ketamine, propofol, thiopentone, and midazolam. Etomidate is a frequently used induction agent because it is suitable for hemodynamically unstable patients. However, etomidate is no longer registered in several countries6–8 due to a potential association with acute respiratory distress syndrome and adrenocortical suppression.9–14 Ketamine is also suitable in hemodynamically unstable patients, but, unlike etomidate, ketamine is not known to inhibit the adrenal axis. Ketamine has been associated with increased myocardial oxygen consumption and increased intracranial pressure (ICP),15 but recent literature no longer support this assumption.16,17 Ketamine, however, may cause hallucinations, nightmares, and delirium.18 Propofol decreases ICP, making it suitable for patients with brain injury.19 Disadvantages include hypotension, making it less suitable for hemodynamically unstable patients.20 Midazolam and thiopentone also cause hypotension.21,22 Thiopentone in turn suppresses neuronal activity and is therefore considered a useful induction agent in hemodynamically stable patients with conditions that elevate ICP. Drawbacks to thiopentone include induction or exacerbation of bronchospasm due to histamine release, making its use limited in patients with reactive airway diseases.23 Whether the difference in the choice of drugs used to intubate trauma patients has an impact on the overall survival remains unknown and forms the grounds for this systematic review. In particular, this review will investigate the effect of ketamine in RSI for trauma patients compared to other induction agents. https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2019/03000/ketamine_as_a_rapid_sequence_induction_agent_in.17.aspx

This is free to use study music to aid in focus and concentration. These tracks are free to use and can be downloaded from the link below. Summer Nights Goldn Inspiring Cinematic Ambient Leonell Cassio- The Blackest Bouqet Powerful Beat weekend Lofty Study https://pixabay.com/music

HIV infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages, both pivotal cells in immune defense : severe immunodeficiency HIV induces cell-cycle arrest: sustained latent infections Direct cytopathic effect is low. CD4 T cell deletion by: – Attack of infected cells by CTL – Syncitia? – Activation-driven apoptosis following multiple infections Gradual shift of cell tropism: – Initial infection of macrophages and DC by R5 – Shift towards X4 and infection of T cells – Reservoirs of infected cells in lymph nodes (Macrophages, memory T cells) High rate of mutations: mutation rate 4 × 10−3 per base per cell, which is the highest reported mutation rate for any biological entity.

Discovery of HIV 1981: Unusual spread of Pneumocystis pneumonia in young homosexual men in San Francisco with no previous history of immunodeficiency 1983: Montagnier identified a previously unknown retrovirus as the cause of this deficiency (received Nobel prize in 2008) Virus was called HIV and disease was called AIDS Origin: HIV evolved from Simian virus that infects chimpanzees Four groups of high risk individuals were identified: Homosexuals Hemophiliacs Heroin addicts Haiti immigrants

Coronaviruses are named after the typical aspect of the virions under electronic microscopes, as they seem surrounded by a “corona”. — Infect a high number of animal species, including humans. — They were associated until 2003 with a respiratory, sometimes enteric, infection, — that was always benign — In 2003, there were found to be the etiological agent of SARS, a deadly epidemics that broke in China (10% mortality). — More recently, they caused another deadly epidemics called MERS: Middle-East respiratory syndrome

This is the first of the new series of LEGO Surgery videos produced by Surgery 101 Studios. Please let us know what you think of Dr McBurney and his patient Bob! Note: This video contains footage of real surgery which you may find disturbing. Music: Pamgaea - Kevin Macleod (incompetech.com) Sounds:This video uses these sounds from freesound:operation_lisboa by nikitralala ( https://www.freesound.org/people/nikitralala/ ) PagerBeeps by snardin42 (https://www.freesound.org/people/snardin42/) This video uses these sounds from GRSites:Paging doctor (http://static1.grsites.com/archive/sounds/medical/medical019.mp3) Font:Legothick from Urbanfonts

CHAPTER OUTLINES – Structure of influenza viruses – Classification – Replication cycle – Transmission and pathogenesis – Immunity – Clinical signs – Pulmonary and non-pulmonary complications – Antigenic drifts and shifts – Epidemiology : epidemics and pandemics – Control – Vaccines

CHAPTER OUTLINE • Paramyxoviruses – General features of Paramyxoviruses • Structure • Classification and subfamilies • Replication cycle – Respiratory Syncitial Virus – Parainfluenza Virus – Measles Virus – Mumps virus • Rubella