Paleontology

Is paleontology a science worth studying? I asked paleontologists and students of paleontology why they study paleontology and what impact it has on human society. Is it a science that is relevant to modern society? If not, why are we fascinated with it? Huge thanks to the following contributors: Brian Curtice Ray Wilhite Dave Krause Evan Johnson-Ransom Kyle Atkins-Weltman Matt Wedel Jack Blackburn Mike Taylor Sauroniops in thumbnail by Paleonerd Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join

Triceratops was a gigantic chasmosaurine, a group of ceratopsians with long frills and brow horns. It lived in Late Cretaceous North America and was one of the most formidable herbivores in its ecosystem at 5 to 8 tonnes as an adult. It lived alongside Tyrannosaurus rex, the most powerful theropod known to science. Media often portrays the battle between Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus as very one-sided, whether that be Triceratops easily repulsing the predator or Tyrannosaurus casually taking down the tank of an herbivore. What does the fossil record indicate about the combat that happened between Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus, and what do paleontologists have to say about it? This video includes a sneak peek at groundbreaking research on ceratopsian agility being done by graduate student Kyle Atkins-Weltman, along with input from theropod biomechanics expert Eric J. Snively. Background Image from Vecteezy Music from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!): https://uppbeat.io/t/roo-walker/awakening License code: ATDT6U6AUEVXVG5X SOURCES Horner et al. 2011 found that Triceratops made up 40% of the dinosaur fauna in Hell Creek. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016574 First Triceratops bonebed https://www.jstor.org/stable/20491089?seq=2 Tyrannosaurus feeding on a Triceratops pelvis, postmortem https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1996.10011297 We know Tyrannosaurus actively hunted hadrosaurs https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1216534110 Trikes likely used horns for intraspecific combat (Farke et al. 2009; D’Anastasio 2022) https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004252 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08033-2 Adapted for hearing low frequencies; not adapted for rapid posture stabilization or side-to-side head movement (Sakagami and Kawabe 2020) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7505063/ Likely a solitary animal with very rare group formations. Not known from bone beds like other ceratopsians https://dinomuseum.ca/2019/01/a-day-in-the-life-of-triceratops#:~:text=The%20differences%20between%20the%20two,and%20a%20shorter%2C%20deeper%20snout. Triceratops survived getting bitten on the horns by a T.rex https://www.myfossil.org/featured-fossil-triceratops-vs-tyrannosaurus/ Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join

The true size of Tyrannosaurus rex is hotly debated. Tyrannosaurus rex is the megatheropod with the largest sample size, which may lead to finding the biggest specimens. The gigantic Tyrannosaurus rex specimen E.D. Cope, “Copium rex,” may be the biggest Tyrannosaurus rex specimen yet described in the literature. This video takes measurements from paleontologists and uses them to calculate how big was the biggest Tyrannosaurus. E.D. Cope was likely bigger than Scotty, Sue, Trix, and almost any other theropod. With new estimates placing it at approximately 1500 kilograms heavier than even the dentary Giganotosaurus specimen. A special acknowledgement goes to Ivano Borghi for creating the fantastic 3D models of Cope featured in this video. Check out his ArtStation here: https://www.artstation.com/infestedivy Thanks also goes to Peter Larson, Scott Hartman, and Asier Larramendi for providing their various perspectives on Cope’s measurements and overall size. Music from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!): https://uppbeat.io/t/little-planet/vo... License code: TMIC8K7OX88JVMG4 Eyes of Glory by Aakash Gandhi Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join

Dr. Krause has been working in the Madagascar paleontology world for years, and has discovered fan-favorite animals like Majungasaurus, Simosuchus, and Beelzebufo.

What dinosaurs were king before T.rex? New research suggests that Tyrannosaurus rex may have had a giant southern ancestor, which has been referred to as Tyrannosaurus mcraensis. This huge tyrannosaur lived in the southern United States 6-7 million years before T.rex, and if it's a new species would weigh over 8 tonnes. Research on the southern population of Tyrannosaurus goes back to the 1980s and has just been added to with a new abstract from SVP 2023, discussing a new giant tyrannosaur species from New Mexico. Is Tyrannosaurus mcraensis valid, or is it just another specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex? Comment and subscribe to join the discussion! Before T.rex, was there another giant theropod that lived in North America? Thumbnail art by Mark Witton. Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join

The biggest dromaeosaur (raptor) dinosaur may have been a fragmentary giant from the Bissekty Formation in Uzbekistan. This gigantic relative of Achillobator and Utahraptor is known from a pedal phalanx and a maxilla, and would have weighed between 900 and 1200 kilograms. While Velociraptor was smaller in real life than its depiction in Jurassic Park, Utahraptor was bigger than the JP raptors and the Bissekty Giant was much, much bigger. Sues, Hans-Dieter & Averianov, Alexander & Britt, Brooks. (2022). A giant dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan and the status of Ulughbegsaurus uzbekistanensis. Geological Magazine. 160. 1-6. 10.1017/S0016756822000954. A new carcharodontosaurian theropod dinosaur occupies apex predator niche in the early Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan Kohei Tanaka, Otabek Ulugbek Ogli Anvarov, Darla K. Zelenitsky, Akhmadjon Shayakubovich Ahmedshaev and Yoshitsugu Kobayashi Royal Society Open ScienceVolume 8, Issue 9 Published:08 September 2021 Join the channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join

Can Lamborlobator take on Razor? Can you feel the Kenergy?

Theropod dinosaurs, especially the megatheropods, were the most massive terrestrial predators in Earth's history. The biggest megatheropods, the carcharodontosaurids and tyrannosaurs, surpassed ten tonnes, making them predatory animals twice the size of African elephants. This video analyzes why theropod dinosaurs became the biggest land predators ever, diving into ecological factors and potential hypotheses including temperature, reproductive success, and predator-prey arms races. SOURCES Polar Bear: PNGImg Giganotosaurus: Herschel-Hoffmeyer Wallpaper: rmb8 https://wallpapers.com/background/all-black-background-vxqyzaac4tdb83gr.html https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Polar-Bear https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/bone-study-transforms-understanding-dinosaur-growth-2023-02-23/ https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2015-06-29-explainer-the-evolutionary-arms-race-between-bats-and-moths#:~:text=The%20interaction%20between%20bats%20and,such%20an%20evolutionary%20arms%20race. https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/49/7/557/236798 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-paleontological-society-papers/article/abs/fossil-record-of-predatorprey-arms-races-coevolution-and-escalation-hypotheses/5967ADC32E5AA23E1A4731A9AC3B15F0 Rose, Peter J. (2007). "A new titanosauriform sauropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Early Cretaceous of central Texas and its phylogenetic relationships". Palaeontologia Electronica. 10 (2): 65pp. [published online] Wedel, Matthew J.; Cifelli, Richard L.; Kent Sanders, R. (2000). "Sauroposeidon proteles, a new sauropod from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (1): 109–114. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0109:SPANSF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 55987496 https://evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12052-009-0191-7

Would mammals survive in dinosaur times? Giant mammals like mammoths, ground sloths, and saber-toothed cats are analyzed in the Mesozoic, calculating their chances of survival. Could mammalian megafauna survive in the Triassic Period? This paleontology video uses scientific studies to calculate the likelihood of success for ten Cenozoic mammal species in the Triassic Period. If you've ever wondered if a mammoth could beat dinosaurs, this video answers that paleontology question. Could a mammoth beat a T.rex? Could a Columbian mammoth survive in the Triassic Period? This series explores questions about how prehistoric mammals would do in the Mesozoic era. Mammals vs Dinosaurs covers the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods. Big Archosaur is watching. Protect your data and get AtlasVPN 85% off using this link! https://get.atlasvpn.com/Vividen Intro: 00:00 Smilodon populator: 02:39 Megatherium americanum: 05:19 Paraceratherium asiaticum: 08:20 Hyaenodon gigas: 10:12 Perucetus colossus: 11:52 Megaloceros giganteus: 13:59 Mammuthus columbi: 15:44 Livyatan melvillei: 17:29 Doedicurus clavicaudatus: 19:38 Daeodon shoshonensis: 21:40 Check out Ian Webster's Ancient Earth Globe here: https://dinosaurpictures.org/ancient-earth#240 Would giant mammals survive in dinosaur times? Would mammals survive in the Triassic Period? This paleontology video uses scientific studies to calculate the likelihood of success for ten Cenozoic mammal species in the Triassic Period. If you've ever wondered if a mammoth could beat dinosaurs, this video answers that paleontology question. Could a mammoth beat a T.rex? Could a Columbian mammoth survive in the Triassic Period? This series explores questions about how prehistoric mammals would do in the Mesozoic era. Mammals vs Dinosaurs covers the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods. Thumbnail Art: Pangaea map by Ian Webster Smilodon populator by Charles Knight Megatherium: Prehistoric Kingdom Paraceratherium: Dmitry Bogdanov Daeodon: Prehistopia Livyatan: TheAlbum Prestosuchus: Gabriel Ugueto Herrerasaurus: Fred Wierum Plateosaurus: Prehistoric Kingdom Himalayasaurus: GiantChoy Music from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!): https://uppbeat.io/t/zimpzon/calm License code: 988TSM5FCCAAD97E Candlepower by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Happy Boy End Theme by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join Check out the source papers here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rjhHXSSETLB5j9qDcDOg2S_ip7fhvTxJK0k8b53dhAg/edit?usp=sharing YouTube's Fair Use policy permits use of third-party copyrighted content without written permission for education, parody, or commentary.

In 2018, Dean Lomax and colleagues described two massive ichthyosaurs from the Late Triassic. Paper link: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0194742 Art: Gabriel Ugueto; Hodaru Nundu; Julian Johnson-Mortimer; Rudolf Hima; Darius Nau Shastasaurus: https://twitter.com/darius_nau/status/1688951203395252225?s=20 In 2020, Lomax stated that the animal the Aust bone belonged to would be at least thirty meters long. His coauthor, Paul de la Salle, clarified that to 35 meters in 2022. 2020 statement: https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/344675187750469642/1159195097817165865/image.png?ex=65302390&is=651dae90&hm=9683c9002eca92c9b910253684c90dd484227c0db0fa6cd189ab19a8a7945ea4& 2022 statement: https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/344675187750469642/1159195098106560533/image.png?ex=65302390&is=651dae90&hm=fd695b1d8446254d01e602006b133f3dfd902b8177769ba7a929311f0e548524&

Megasauropod dinosaurs were the largest animals to ever walk on land, which some even rivalling the biggest whale species in terms of body mass. When it comes to terrestrial animals, sauropods are far and away the most massive. This video explains the biggest sauropod dinosaurs' size as well as their ecology and physiological adaptations that allowed them to grow so big. Mega sauropods are the biggest dinosaurs ever by far. So out of the biggest sauropods ever, which mega sauropod claims the title of king? This ranking sorts giant sauropods by size and class within the Megakingdom, and Vividen explains the reasoning for each mass estimate. You may be surprised at the true winner in this contest of the largest sauropod dinosaurs. Join The Vividen Public Discord Server: https://discord.gg/ecTk3wK8pt Size Estimate Source Document: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XsHCd5EgNyyU6vhcvjFwa3520872REhOqqIOnPEpSMQ/edit?usp=sharing Music from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!): https://uppbeat.io/t/apex-music/final-thoughts License code: ZDZIILBZCRHGCQGC Music from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!): https://uppbeat.io/t/danijel-zambo/stardust License code: Q8BEFZKKVCQJ1JGJ Music from #Uppbeat (free for Creators!): https://uppbeat.io/t/little-planet/voyager License code: TMIC8K7OX88JVMG4 Eyes of Glory by Aakash Gandhi The Battle of 1066 by Patrick Patrikios How big were dinosaurs? Were they bigger than blue whales? The biggest dinosaur may have been Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi, a huge titanosaur from India, according to a new study by Gregory S. Paul and Asier Larramendi. The two paleontologists analyzed dinosaur size limits to find out the answer to the question: how big were dinosaurs? When it comes to the comparison of “Dinosaurs vs blue whale” and “Dinosaurs vs mammals,” it can go either way. Blue whales are often cited as the biggest animals ever, but with this recent discovery about giant sauropods like Bruhathkayosaurus and Amphicoelias (now Maraapunisaurus) that may not be true. Dinosaurs the size of a blue whale could be more common than previously thought, with multiple sauropod species weighing well over 100 tonnes. But was it really possible that there were dinosaurs the size of a blue whale? Find out here on The Vividen! Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join

Sauropod paleontologist Brian Curtice, the man who killed Ultrasauros, joins The Vividen for a discussion on the biggest terrestrial animals to live on Earth. Prepare your questions!

Original edit by Karlito: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URsfd-5955c Song: My Head Is Spinning Like A Screw (Lucky Luke Remix) Copium rex video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOf4dWoMN7s&t=156s

#pseudoscience #astronomy #paleontology #aliens Check out the study here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373708840_Dinosaur_eggs_with_fossilized_embryos_on_the_Moon

How big was T.rex? New data shows that the T.rex E.D. Cope, the "Copium rex," was the biggest theropod ever found, increasing theropod size limits to new heights. T.rex was a powerful predatory megatheropod. While Sue and Scotty are currently cited as the biggest T.rex specimens, new measurements of E.D. Cope, from the Black Hills Institute in South Dakota, form a challenge for the title of the megatheropod king. Measurements of this new T.rex femur indicate that Cope may be between 10.6 and 12.4 tonnes, making it the biggest theropod by up to 2 tonnes. T.rex size is a hot debate in paleontology, and Cope just turned it into a bonfire. Copium rex! Check out the original Reddit conversation here: https://www.reddit.com/r/Dinosaurs/comments/15y0wu4/what_makes_me_feel_strange_is_that_no_one_here/ Join The Vividen Discord Server: https://discord.gg/ecTk3wK8pt Fair Use permits usage of third-party copyrighted content for educational and research purposes. Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join Atlantis by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Campione, N.E., Evans, D.C., Brown, C.M. and Carrano, M.T. (2014), Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions. Methods Ecol Evol, 5: 913-923. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12226 Carr, T.D., Napoli, J.G., Brusatte, S.L. et al. Insufficient Evidence for Multiple Species of Tyrannosaurus in the Latest Cretaceous of North America: A Comment on “The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus”. Evol Biol 49, 327–341 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09573-1 Hurlburt, Grant. (1999). Hurlburt, G. R. 1999. Comparison of body mass estimation techniques, using recent reptiles and the pelycosaur Edaphosaurus boanerges. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (2):338-350.. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19. 338-350. Paul, G.S., Persons, W.S. & Van Raalte, J. The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus. Evol Biol 49, 156–179 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09561-5 Persons, W.S., IV, Currie, P.J. and Erickson, G.M. (2020), An Older and Exceptionally Large Adult Specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex. Anat Rec, 303: 656-672. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24118

Doctorate student Evan Johnson-Ransom is an expert in theropod feeding strategies, particularly tyrannosaurus and spinosaurs. Join us and discuss!

Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus is the ultimate megatheropod rivalry. After Tyrannosaurus rex fought Giganotosaurus in Jurassic World, science explains the true victor of a hypothetical fight in Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus: Battle of Kings. Tyrannosaurus rex size is an important factor, and this video about Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus includes a Tyrannosaurus rex size comparison as well as an in-depth analysis of each animal’s ecology, agility, intelligence, and experience in fighting other megatheropods. New science, including new mass estimations and biomechanical studies, reveal each competitor’s unique evolutionary abilities in this fight to the death: Tyrannosaurus vs Giganotosaurus. This is an educational scientific-reporting take on the Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus battle. Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join Join the Vividen Discord Server: https://discord.gg/Ss27pNS Join the Vividen Subreddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/VividenFanReddit/ STUDIES CITED Coria, R. A.; Currie, P. J. (2002). "The braincase of Giganotosaurus carolinii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (4): 802–811. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0802:TBOGCD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85678725. Giga brain https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Braincase-of-the-carcharodontosaurid-theropod-Giganotosaurus-carolinii-MUCPv-CH-1-Museo_fig1_340367784 Ankylosaurus mass Arbour, V.M.; Mallon, J.C. (2017). "Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris". FACETS. 2 (2): 764–794. doi:10.1139/facets-2017-0063. Tyrannosaur interfacial biting. Brown, C., Currie, P., & Therrien, F. (2022). Intraspecific facial bite marks in tyrannosaurids provide insight into sexual maturity and evolution of bird-like intersexual display. Paleobiology, 48(1), 12-43. doi:10.1017/pab.2021.29 Snively et al. 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6387760/ Triceratops size https://www.deviantart.com/spinoinwonderland/journal/Some-GDI-s-for-a-few-folks-648811067 Sellers et al. 2017 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518979/ Giganotosaurus braincase https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282002%29022%5B0802%3ATBOGCD%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Therrien et al. 2020: https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2020-0177 Nieto & Paulina-Carabajal 2020: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Braincase-of-the-carcharodontosaurid-theropod-Giganotosaurus-carolinii-MUCPv-CH-1-Museo_fig1_340367784 Dan Folkes blog https://www.thecodontia.com/blog/the-largest-theropod-dinosaur-known-to-science Thumbnail Art Giganotosaurus: Gabriel Ugueto Tyrannosaurus: Mark Witton Human: Linda Salzman Sagan South America Map: Simoes et al. 2017 North America Map: Dr. Ron Blakely Intro Sound Effect by GatorBeast https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8QkzD4iVco Hitman by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ All other music by Pixabay Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join

Dr. Scott Hartman weighs in on the Giganotosaurus vs Tyrannosaurus debate. Watch the full Battle of Kings video on The Vividen and join the channel for early access to videos as well as loyalty badges and emojis. Tyrannosaurus rex vs Giganotosaurus: Battle of Kings Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzLlH08gl7o Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmkkmzfWWf4HzrO8SGO3gjw/join

Full video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSBThEf31aA&t=12s IMAGE CREDITS AND STUDY SOURCES 1. Herschel-Hoffmeyer 2. Ashley Morhardt; https://www.earthtouchnews.com/discoveries/fossils/theres-a-lot-to-learn-about-dinosaur-brains/ 3. Mark Witton; Herculano-Houzel 2023 https://phys.org/news/2023-01-phylogenetic-bracketing-dinosaurs-neuron-density.html 4. Damir G Martin; Stevens, K.A. 2006 Binocular vision in theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(2):321-330. 5. National Geographic; Sakamoto et al. 2022 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9285543/ 6. RJ Palmer: Snively et al. 2019 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6387760/ Fair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research.

Don't leave out the little guy! The nanotheropods storm the channel to take the limelight away from recent giant discoveries. Here we cover the ten smallest nonavian dinosaurs discovered as of 2023. Thumbnail Anchiornis art by Matt Martyniuk. Thumbnail Yi qi by Rebecca Groom. Thumbnail Mahakala by Sauriazoicillus. Fair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research.

Perucetus colossus is the new giant of paleontology. The enormous basilosaurid whale had some of the most dense bones of any mammal, and its close relation to the giant predator Basilosaurus allows for skeletal scaling. Perucetus weighed between 85 and 340 metric tonnes, making it potentially the largest animal known to science. Perucetus was not only the size of a blue whale, but it may have been even bigger than a blue whale. It may also have been carnivorous, which would make it the largest predator in Earth's history. Disclaimer: This video only addresses the original Bianucci et al. 2023 study, not any third-party responses or extra reconstructions made in response to the paper. Those will be addressed in a separate video. Bianucci et al 2023: A heavyweight early whale pushes the boundaries of vertebrate morphology. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06381-1 Article summary: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02408-9.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&r3_referer=nature Fair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research. (The Saltiel Law Group)

How big were dinosaurs? Were they bigger than blue whales? The biggest dinosaur may have been Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi, a huge titanosaur from India, according to a new study by Gregory S. Paul and Asier Larramendi. The two paleontologists analyzed dinosaur size limits to find out the answer to the question: how big were dinosaurs? When it comes to the comparison of “Dinosaurs vs blue whale” and “Dinosaurs vs mammals,” it can go either way. Blue whales are often cited as the biggest animals ever, but with this recent discovery about giant sauropods like Bruhathkayosaurus and Amphicoelias (now Maraapunisaurus) that may not be true. Dinosaurs the size of a blue whale could be more common than previously thought, with multiple sauropod species weighing well over 100 tonnes. But was it really possible that there were dinosaurs the size of a blue whale? Find out here on The Vividen! Paul & Larramendi 2023: https://www.idunn.no/doi/10.18261/let.56.2.5 Pal & Ayyasami 2022: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gto.12390 Bruhathkayosaurus art in thumbnail by Ansh Saxena Fair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research. (The Saltiel Law Group)

A new giant predatory ichthyosaur has been discovered! Paleontology presents us with the Swiss Tyrant, a giant sea monster that may be bigger than Livyatan and nearly as big as Otodus megalodon. This oceanic superpredator rivaled Livyatan and O. megalodon as one of the biggest underwater monsters in natural history. In this video we analyze the Swiss Tyrant Ichthyosaur in addition to other gigantic macropredatory sea monsters like Shonisaurus, Shastasaurus, Temnodontosaurus, Cymbospondylus, the Lilstock Monster, and the Aust Colossus. Ichthyosaurs were the largest marine reptiles known to science, with the largest (such as the Aust Colossus) surpassing even the biggest sauropods in size. Such record animals are rare in paleontology, making this discovery of the Swiss Tyrant ichthyosaur even more valuable. It would have been a terrifying raptorial predator ten times the size of an elephant. Was it bigger than Livyatan? Was it bigger than O. megalodon? What other marine superpredators were bigger than Livyatan or bigger than O. megalodon? Was the Aust Colossus really a mythical 100+ ton giant predator? Find out here in one of the most comprehensive video analyses of macropredatory ichthyosaurs to ever be published! Become a Patron! https://www.patreon.com/thevividen 00:00 Intro 02:11 Shonisaurus Predatory Behavior 06:45 Temnodontosaurus 11:04 Himalayasaurus tibetensis 12:50 The Swiss Tyrant 18:40 Macropredatory Behavior in Ichthyosaurs 21:19 Giant Ichthyosaur Combat Strategies 23:58 Cymbospondylus youngorum 26:01 Shonisaurus, Lilstock Monster, and Aust Colossus 31:27 Other Giant Fragmentary Ichthyosaurs 32:45 Marine Reptile Cinematic Universe Join the Discord server here: https://discord.gg/Ss27pNS Join the Vividen subreddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/VividenFanReddit/ Image/Video/Audio Credit Google Doc: https://docs.google.com/document/d/19xnEdbE6Ncy9MTB90IjcO703Pec2wZr1Op1wI0vhrFs/edit?usp=sharing Music Credit: Music Credit: Savfk ‘Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)’ Music: The Travelling Symphony by Savfk (copyright and royalty free soundtrack music) Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqhNwEtZVcw Music Credit: Savfk - Music Music: The Dark Side Of The Sun by Savfk (copyright and royalty free hybrid epic cinematic trailer music) Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FdN8tlohp4 Music Credit: Savfk - Music Ultra by Savfk (copyright and royalty free sci-fi electronic cinematic epic soundtrack music) Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8A4Jak73Lao Music Credit: Savfk - Music Music: The Power by Savfk (copyright and royalty free music) Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI_k61dQMHg Music Credit: Savfk - Music Music: The Principle of Inner Necessity by Savfk (copyright and royalty free music) Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRx7hjaHvVQ Music Credit: Savfk - Music Music: The Hunt by Savfk (copyright and royalty free soundtrack music) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXOeFWpFlgY Music Credit: Savfk - Music Music Title: Odyssey by Savfk (copyright and royalty free dramatic, orchestral, intense, epic soundtrack music) Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF8mFWPilPg Music Credit: Savfk - Music Music Title: The Impossible by Savfk (copyright and royalty free soundtrack music) Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrUs9y2-mzg Fair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research. (The Saltiel Law Group)

Tyrannosaurus rex may be the most powerful terrestrial predator in history, but which artistic depictions of Tyrannosaurus rex are the most terrifying? Prehistoric Planet Fred Wierum RJ Palmer Mark Witton Herschel-Hoffmeyer #tyrannosaurusrex #paleontology #dinosaurs #dinofacts #science #evolution #paleoart Fair use allows individuals to use a copyrighted work without obtaining permission when the use is considered commentary, criticism, teaching, news reporting, scholarship, or research. (The Saltiel Law Group)

Spinosaurus and Tyrannosaurus are two of the most famous and culturally influential megatheropods, with a fanboy rivalry dating back to 2001. One was a huge water-based predator from North Africa that feasted on fish the size of cars, and the other was an even bigger North American tyrant that took on living tanks. Our understanding of both species has changed dramatically since they were discovered, but Spinosaurus in particular has been the subject of back-and-forth drama regarding its ecological role. Was it a bipedal monster that took on other theropods? Was it a knee-deep wader? Or was it an aquatic pursuit predator that used its powerful tail to dive under the surface and hunt prey in the water column? A new study indicates that, at least in this respect, Spinosaurus and Tyrannosaurus had something in common: the way that they used water to hunt. The idea that Spinosaurus and Tyrannosaurus both hunted in water may be a strange one, but ecological modeling and morphology based on biophysics seems to indicate that it may have happened. All artists with material in this video are referenced within the video itself. If a piece of art has been misidentified, please let me know. Fabbri et al. 2022: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35322229 Myrhvold et al. 2023 Preprint: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539484v1.full.pdf Blanco 2023: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/198/1/202/7153107